Copyright: ©1999 R.E.Harvey, Box 5695, Glendale AZ 85312


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Contents - Characters
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Contents - Units and Conversions
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Contents - Graphics
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DOS Colors

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Pixels and Points

Screen Ruler

Paper Sizes

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Contents - English
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The Elements of Style

Geography

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Contents - Geography
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Countries

States

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Contents - Notes
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Copyright


Dec, Hex, Oct, Bin ANSI Conversion
 Character Converter

Dec	Hex	Oct	Binary	Chr	%	HTML	Name

0	00	00	00000000	 	0	·	Null

1	01	01	00000001	 	·	·	SOH - Start of heading

2	02	02	00000010	 	·	·	STX - Start of text

3	03	03	00000011	♥	·	·	ETX - End of text

4	04	04	00000100	♦	·	·	EOT - End of transmission

5	05	05	00000101	♣	2	·	ENQ - Inquire

6	06	06	00000110	♠	·	·	ACK - Acknowledge

7	07	07	00000111	•	·	·	Bell

8	08	10	00001000	3%	·	BS - Backspace

9	09	11	00001001	·	·	HT - Horizontal tab

10	0A	12	00001010	4%	·	LF - Line feed

11	0B	13	00001011	·	·	VT - Vertical tab

12	0C	14	00001100	·	·	FF - Form feed

13	0D	15	00001101	5%	·	CR - Carriage return

14	0E	16	00001110	·	·	SO - shift out

15	0F	17	00001111	6%	·	SI - Shift in

16	10	20	00010000	·	·	DLE - Data link escape

17	11	21	00010001	·	·	DC1 - Device control 1, X-on

18	12	22	00010010	7%	·	DC2 - Device control 2

19	13	23	00010011	!!	·	·	DC3 - Device control 3

20	14	24	00010100	¶	8	·	DC4 - Device control 4

21	15	25	00010101	§	·	·	NAK - Negative acknowledgment

22	16	26	00010110	·	·	SYN - Synchronous idle

23	17	27	00010111	9	·	ETB - End of transmission block

24	18	30	00011000	↑	·	·	CAN - Cancel

25	19	31	00011001	↓	10	·	EM - End of medium

26	1A	32	00011010	→	·	·	SUB - Substitute; End of file

27	1B	33	00011011	←	·	·	ESC - Escape

28	1C	34	00011100	11	·	FS - File separator

29	1D	35	00011101	↔	·	·	GS - Group separator

30	1E	36	00011110	·	·	RS - Record separator

31	1F	37	00011111	·	·	US - Unit separator

32	20	40	00100000	 	12.5	·	Space

33	21	41	00100001	!	13	·	Exclamation point, exclamation mark (bang)

34	22	42	00100010	"	·	&quot;	Quotation mark (double quote)

35	23	43	00100011	#	·	·	Number sign (pound)

36	24	44	00100100	$	·	·	Dollar sign

37	25	45	00100101	%	·	·	Percent sign

38	26	46	00100110	&	15	&amp;	Ampersand

39	27	47	00100111	'	·	·	Apostrophe (single quote)

40	28	50	00101000	(	·	·	Left parenthesis

41	29	51	00101001	)	16	·	Right parenthesis

42	2A	52	00101010	*	·	·	Asterisk (star; splat)

43	2B	53	00101011	+	17	·	Plus sign

44	2C	54	00101100	,	·	·	Comma

45	2D	55	00101101	-	17.5	·	Minus sign (dash; hyphen)

46	2E	56	00101110	.	18	·	Period (full stop; dot; point; radix point)

47	2F	57	00101111	/	·	·	Forward slash (virgule; solidus; stroke)

48	30	60	00110000	0	19	·	Digit Zero

49	31	61	00110001	1	·	·	Digit One

50	32	62	00110010	2	·	·	Digit Two

51	33	63	00110011	3	20	·	Digit Three

52	34	64	00110100	4	·	·	Digit Four

53	35	65	00110101	5	·	·	Digit Five

54	36	66	00110110	6	·	·	Digit Six

55	37	67	00110111	7	·	·	Digit Seven

56	38	70	00111000	8	22	·	Digit Eight

57	39	71	00111001	9	·	·	Digit Nine

58	3A	72	00111010	:	·	·	Colon

59	3B	73	00111011	;	·	·	Semicolon

60	3C	74	00111100	<	·	&lt;	Less than sign (left angle bracket)

61	3D	75	00111101	=	24	·	Equal sign

62	3E	76	00111110	>	·	&gt;	Greater than sign (right angle bracket)

63	3F	77	00111111	?	·	·	Question mark

64	40	100	01000000	@	25	·	At sign (commercial at)

65	41	101	01000001	A	·	·	Latin capital letter A

66	42	102	01000010	B	·	·	Latin capital letter B

67	43	103	01000011	C	·	·	Latin capital letter C

68	44	104	01000100	D	·	·	Latin capital letter D

69	45	105	01000101	E	·	·	Latin capital letter E

70	46	106	01000110	F	27.5	·	Latin capital letter F

71	47	107	01000111	G	·	·	Latin capital letter G

72	48	110	01001000	H	·	·	Latin capital letter H

73	49	111	01001001	I	·	·	Latin capital letter I

74	4A	112	01001010	J	·	·	Latin capital letter J

75	4B	113	01001011	K	·	·	Latin capital letter K

76	4C	114	01001100	L	·	·	Latin capital letter L

77	4D	115	01001101	M	30	·	Latin capital letter M

78	4E	116	01001110	N	·	·	Latin capital letter N

79	4F	117	01001111	O	·	·	Latin capital letter O

80	50	120	01010000	P	·	·	Latin capital letter P

81	51	121	01010001	Q	·	·	Latin capital letter Q

82	52	122	01010010	R	·	·	Latin capital letter R

83	53	123	01010011	S	32.5	·	Latin capital letter S

84	54	124	01010100	T	·	·	Latin capital letter T

85	55	125	01010101	U	33.3	·	Latin capital letter U

86	56	126	01010110	V	·	·	Latin capital letter V

87	57	127	01010111	W	·	·	Latin capital letter W

88	58	130	01011000	X	·	·	Latin capital letter X

89	59	131	01011001	Y	35	·	Latin capital letter Y

90	5A	132	01011010	Z	·	·	Latin capital letter Z

91	5B	133	01011011	[	·	·	Left square bracket

92	5C	134	01011100	\	·	·	Backslash (reverse solidus; back-slant)

93	5D	135	01011101	]	·	·	Right square bracket

94	5E	136	01011110	^	·	·	Circumflex accent (caret)

95	5F	137	01011111	_	·	·	Underscore (horizontal bar; low line; under-bar)

96	60	140	01100000	`	37.5	·	Grave accent (acute accent; left single quote; back-quote)

97	61	141	01100001	a	·	·	Latin small letter A

98	62	142	01100010	b	·	·	Latin small letter B

99	63	143	01100011	c	·	·	Latin small letter C

100	64	144	01100100	d	·	·	Latin small letter D

101	65	145	01100101	e	·	·	Latin small letter E

102	66	146	01100110	f	40	·	Latin small letter F

103	67	147	01100111	g	·	·	Latin small letter G

104	68	150	01101000	h	·	·	Latin small letter H

105	69	151	01101001	i	·	·	Latin small letter I

106	6A	152	01101010	j	·	·	Latin small letter J

107	6B	153	01101011	k	·	·	Latin small letter K

108	6C	154	01101100	l	42.5	·	Latin small letter L

109	6D	155	01101101	m	·	·	Latin small letter M

110	6E	156	01101110	n	·	·	Latin small letter N

111	6F	157	01101111	o	·	·	Latin small letter O

112	70	160	01110000	p	·	·	Latin small letter P

113	71	161	01110001	q	·	·	Latin small letter Q

114	72	162	01110010	r	·	·	Latin small letter R

115	73	163	01110011	s	45	·	Latin small letter S

116	74	164	01110100	t	·	·	Latin small letter T

117	75	165	01110101	u	·	·	Latin small letter U

118	76	166	01110110	v	·	·	Latin small letter V

119	77	167	01110111	w	·	·	Latin small letter W

120	78	170	01111000	x	·	·	Latin small letter X

121	79	171	01111001	y	47.5	·	Latin small letter Y

122	7A	172	01111010	z	·	·	Latin small letter Z

123	7B	173	01111011	{	·	·	Left curly brace (left curly bracket)

124	7C	174	01111100	|	·	·	Vertical bar (OR symbol; vertical line; pipe)

125	7D	175	01111101	}	·	·	Right curly brace (right curly bracket)

126	7E	176	01111110	~	·	·	Tilde (approximate)

127	7F	177	01111111	 	·	·	Delete

128	80	200	10000000	€	50	&euro;	 Euro currency symbol

129	81	201	10000001	�	·	·	Not used

130	82	202	10000010	‚	·	·	Baseline single quote

131	83	203	10000011	ƒ	·	&fnof;	Latin small hooked f; florin

132	84	204	10000100	„	·	·	Baseline double quote

133	85	205	10000101	…	·	&hellip;	Ellipsis

134	86	206	10000110	†	52.5	&dagger;	Single dagger

135	87	207	10000111	‡	·	&Dagger;	Double dagger

136	88	210	10001000	ˆ	·	·	Accent circumflex (caret); Euro symbol in Codepage 1251

137	89	211	10001001	‰	·	&permil;	Permille

138	8A	212	10001010	Š	·	&Scaron;	Latin capital S with caron (hacek)

139	8B	213	10001011	‹	·	&lsqauo;	Single left angle quote (single guillemet)

140	8C	214	10001100	Œ	55	&OElig;	Latin capital OE ligature

141	8D	215	10001101	�	·	·	Not used

142	8E	216	10001110	Ž	·	·	Not used

143	8F	217	10001111	�	·	·	Not used

144	90	220	10010000	�	·	·	Not used

145	91	221	10010001	‘	·	&lsquo;	Opening single quote

146	92	222	10010010	’	·	&rsquo;	Closing single quote

147	93	223	10010011	“	·	&ldquo;	Opening double quote

148	94	224	10010100	”	·	&rdquo;	Closing double quote

149	95	225	10010101	•	·	&bull;	Bullet

150	96	226	10010110	–	·	&ndash;	En-dash

151	97	227	10010111	—	·	&mdash;	Em-dash

152	98	230	10011000	˜	·	&oline;	Over-score (over line); tilde

153	99	231	10011001	™	60	&trade;	Trademark

154	9A	232	10011010	š	·	&scaron;	Latin small S with caron (hacek)

155	9B	233	10011011	›	·	&rsaquo;	Single right angle quote (single quillemet)

156	9C	234	10011100	œ	·	&oelig;	Latin small OE ligature

157	9D	235	10011101	�	·	·	Not used

158	9E	236	10011110	ž	·	·	Not used

159	9F	237	10011111	Ÿ	62.5	&Yuml;	Latin capital Y, diæresis/umlaut

160	A0	240	10100000	 	·	&nbsp;	Non-breaking space

161	A1	241	10100001	¡	·	&iexcl;	Inverted exclamation mark

162	A2	242	10100010	¢	·	&cent;	Cent symbol

163	A3	243	10100011	£	·	&pound;	Pound Sterling (pound sign)

164	A4	244	10100100	¤	·	&curren;	International Currency (currency sign)

165	A5	245	10100101	¥	·	&yen;	Japanese Yen (yen sign)

166	A6	246	10100110	¦	65	&brvbar;	Split | (broken bar)

167	A7	247	10100111	§	·	&sect;	Section sign

168	A8	250	10101000	¨	·	&die; 	Umlaut (diaeresis)

169	A9	251	10101001	©	·	&copy;	Copyright sign

170	AA	252	10101010	ª	66.6	&ordf;	Feminine ordinal indicator

171	AB	253	10101011	«	·	&laquo;	Left Guillemet (chevron; left angle quote)

172	AC	254	10101100	¬	·	&not;	Not sign

173	AD	255	10101101	­	·	&shy;	Soft hyphen

174	AE	256	10101110	®	·	&reg;	Registered trademark

175	AF	257	10101111	¯	·	&macr;	Macron (over-score; vinculum)

176	B0	260	10110000	°	·	&deg;	Degree sign

177	B1	261	10110001	±	·	&plusmn;	Plus-Minus sign

178	B2	262	10110010	²	70	&sup2;	Two Superscript

179	B3	263	10110011	³	·	&sup3;	Three Superscript

180	B4	264	10110100	´	·	&acute;	Acute accent

181	B5	265	10110101	µ	·	&micro;	Micro sign

182	B6	266	10110110	¶	·	&para;	Paragraph (Pilcrow sign)

183	B7	267	10110111	·	·	&middot;	Middle dot

184	B8	270	10111000	¸	·	&cedil;	Cedilla

185	B9	271	10111001	¹	·	&sup1;	Superscript one

186	BA	272	10111010	º	·	&ordm;	Masculine ordinal indicator

187	BB	273	10111011	»	·	&raquo;	Right Guillemet (chevron, right angle quote)

188	BC	274	10111100	¼	·	&frac14;	One-fourth

189	BD	275	10111101	½	·	&frac12;	One-half

190	BE	276	10111110	¾	·	&frac34;	Three-fourths

191	BF	277	10111111	¿	75	&iquest;	Inverted question mark

192	C0	300	11000000	À	·	&Agrave;	Latin capital A, grave accent

193	C1	301	11000001	Á	·	&Aacute;	Latin capital A, acute

194	C2	302	11000010	Â	·	&Acirc;	Latin capital A, circumflex

195	C3	303	11000011	Ã	·	&Atilde;	Latin capital A, tilde

196	C4	304	11000100	Ä	·	&Auml;	Latin capital A, diæresis/umlaut

197	C5	305	11000101	Å	·	&Aring;	Latin capital A, ring

198	C6	306	11000110	Æ	·	&AElig;	Latin capital AE ligature

199	C7	307	11000111	Ç	·	&Ccedil;	Latin capital C, cedilla

200	C8	310	11001000	È	·	&Egrave;	Latin capital E, grave accent

201	C9	311	11001001	É	·	&Eacute;	Latin capital E, acute accent

202	CA	312	11001010	Ê	·	&Ecirc;	Latin capital E, circumflex

203	CB	313	11001011	Ë	·	&Euml;	Latin capital E, diæresis/umlaut

204	CC	314	11001100	Ì	80	&Igrave;	Latin capital I, grave accent

205	CD	315	11001101	Í	·	&Iacute;	Latin capital I, acute accent

206	CE	316	11001110	Î	·	&Icirc;	Latin capital I, circumflex

207	CF	317	11001111	Ï	·	&Iuml;	Latin capital I, diæresis/umlaut

208	D0	320	11010000	Ð	·	&ETH;	Latin capital Eth, Icelandic

209	D1	321	11010001	Ñ	·	&Ntilde;	Latin capital N, tilde

210	D2	322	11010010	Ò	·	&Ograve;	Latin capital O, grave accent

211	D3	323	11010011	Ó	·	&Oacute;	Latin capital O, acute accent

212	D4	324	11010100	Ô	·	&Ocirc;	Latin capital O, circumflex

213	D5	325	11010101	Õ	·	&Otilde;	Latin capital O, tilde

214	D6	326	11010110	Ö	·	&Ouml;	Latin capital O, diæresis/umlaut

215	D7	327	11010111	×	·	&times;	Multiplication sign

216	D8	330	11011000	Ø	·	&Oslash;	Latin capital O, slash

217	D9	331	11011001	Ù	85	&Ugrave;	Latin capital U, grave accent

218	DA	332	11011010	Ú	·	&Uacute;	Latin capital U, acute accent

219	DB	333	11011011	Û	·	&Ucirc;	Latin capital U, circumflex

220	DC	334	11011100	Ü	·	&Uuml;	Latin capital U, diæresis/umlaut

221	DD	335	11011101	Ý	·	&Yacute;	Latin capital Y, acute accent

222	DE	336	11011110	Þ	·	&THORN;	Latin capital thorn, Icelandic

223	DF	337	11011111	ß	87.5	&szlig;	Latin small sharp s, German sz

224	E0	340	11100000	à	·	&agrave;	Latin small A, grave accent

225	E1	341	11100001	á	·	&aacute;	Latin small A, acute accent

226	E2	342	11100010	â	·	&acirc;	Latin small A, circumflex

227	E3	343	11100011	ã	·	&atilde;	Latin small A, tilde

228	E4	344	11100100	ä	·	&auml;	Latin small A, diæresis/umlaut

229	E5	345	11100101	å	90	&aring;	Latin small A, ring

230	E6	346	11100110	æ	·	&aelig;	Latin small AE ligature

231	E7	347	11100111	ç	·	&ccedil;	Latin small C, cedilla

232	E8	350	11101000	è	·	&egrave;	Latin small E, grave accent

233	E9	351	11101001	é	·	&eacute;	Latin small E, acute accent

234	EA	352	11101010	ê	·	&ecirc;	Latin small E, circumflex

235	EB	353	11101011	ë	·	&euml;	Latin small E, diæresis/umlaut

236	EC	354	11101100	ì	·	&igrave;	Latin small I, grave accent

237	ED	355	11101101	í	·	&iacute;	Latin small I, acute accent

238	EE	356	11101110	î	·	&icirc;	Latin small I, circumflex

239	EF	357	11101111	ï	·	&iuml;	Latin small I, diæresis/umlaut

240	F0	360	11110000	ð	·	&eth;	Latin small eth, Icelandic

241	F1	361	11110001	ñ	·	&ntilde;	Latin small N, tilde

242	F2	362	11110010	ò	95	&ograve;	Latin small O, grave accent

243	F3	363	11110011	ó	·	&oacute;	Latin small O, acute accent

244	F4	364	11110100	ô	·	&ocirc;	Latin small O, circumflex

245	F5	365	11110101	õ	·	&otilde;	Latin small O, tilde

246	F6	366	11110110	ö	·	&ouml;	Latin small O, diæresis/umlaut

247	F7	367	11110111	÷	·	&divide;	Division sign

248	F8	370	11111000	ø	·	&oslash;	Latin small O, slash

249	F9	371	11111001	ù	·	ugrave;	Latin small U, grave accent

250	FA	372	11111010	ú	·	&uacute;	Latin small U, acute accent

251	FB	373	11111011	û	·	&ucirc;	Latin small U, circumflex

252	FC	374	11111100	ü	·	&uuml;	Latin small U, diæresis/umlaut

253	FD	375	11111101	ý	·	&yacute;	Latin small Y, acute accent

254	FE	376	11111110	þ	·	&thorn;	Latin small thorn, Icelandic

255	FF	377	11111111	ÿ	100	&yuml;	Latin small Y, diæresis/umlaut

http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/r_harvey


 Character Sets

Dec	Hex	ANSI	CP437	CP850	Symbol	Wingdings

32	20

33	21	!	!	!	!

34	22	"	"	"	∀

35	23	#	#	#	#

36	24	$	$	$	∃

37	25	%	%	%	%

38	26	&	&	&	&

39	27	'	'	'	∋

40	28	(	(	(	(

41	29	)	)	)	)

42	2A	*	*	*	∗

43	2B	+	+	+	+

44	2C	,	,	,	,

45	2D	-	-	-	−

46	2E	.	.	.	.

47	2F	/	/	/	/

48	30	0	0	0	0

49	31	1	1	1	1

50	32	2	2	2	2

51	33	3	3	3	3

52	34	4	4	4	4

53	35	5	5	5	5

54	36	6	6	6	6

55	37	7	7	7	7

56	38	8	8	8	8

57	39	9	9	9	9

58	3A	:	:	:	:

59	3B	;	;	;	;

60	3C	<	<	<	<

61	3D	=	=	=	=

62	3E	>	>	>	>

63	3F	?	?	?	?

64	40	@	@	@	≅

65	41	A	A	A	Α

66	42	B	B	B	Β

67	43	C	C	C	Χ

68	44	D	D	D	Δ

69	45	E	E	E	Ε

70	46	F	F	F	Φ

71	47	G	G	G	Γ

72	48	H	H	H	Η

73	49	I	I	I	Ι

74	4A	J	J	J	ϑ

75	4B	K	K	K	Κ

76	4C	L	L	L	Λ

77	4D	M	M	M	Μ

78	4E	N	N	N	Ν

79	4F	O	O	O	Ο

80	50	P	P	P	Π

81	51	Q	Q	Q	Θ

82	52	R	R	R	Ρ

83	53	S	S	S	Σ

84	54	T	T	T	Τ

85	55	U	U	U	Υ

86	56	V	V	V	ς

87	57	W	W	W	Ω

88	58	X	X	X	Ξ

89	59	Y	Y	Y	Ψ

90	5A	Z	Z	Z	Ζ

91	5B	[	[	[	[

92	5C	\	\	\	∴

93	5D	]	]	]	]

94	5E	^	^	^	⊥

95	5F	_	_	_	_

96	60	`	`	`

97	61	a	a	a	α

98	62	b	b	b	β

99	63	c	c	c	χ

100	64	d	d	d	δ

101	65	e	e	e	ε

102	66	f	f	f	φ

103	67	g	g	g	γ

104	68	h	h	h	η

105	69	i	i	i	ι

106	6A	j	j	j	ϕ

107	6B	k	k	k	κ

108	6C	l	l	l	λ

109	6D	m	m	m	μ

110	6E	n	n	n	ν

111	6F	o	o	o	ο

112	70	p	p	p	π

113	71	q	q	q	θ

114	72	r	r	r	ρ

115	73	s	s	s	σ

116	74	t	t	t	τ

117	75	u	u	u	υ

118	76	v	v	v	ϖ

119	77	w	w	w	ω

120	78	x	x	x	ξ

121	79	y	y	y	ψ

122	7A	z	z	z	ζ

123	7B	{	{	{	{

124	7C	|	|	|	|

125	7D	}	}	}	}

126	7E	~	~	~	∼

127	7F	Δ	Δ

128	80	€	Ç	Ç	€

129	81	�	ü	ü	�

130	82	‚	é	é	‚

131	83	ƒ	â	â	ƒ

132	84	„	ä	ä	„

133	85	…	à	à	…

134	86	†	å	å	†

135	87	‡	ç	ç	‡

136	88	ˆ	ê	ê	ˆ

137	89	‰	ë	ë	‰

138	8A	Š	è	è	Š

139	8B	‹	ï	ï	‹

140	8C	Œ	î	î	Œ

141	8D	�	ì	ì	�

142	8E	Ž	Ä	Ä	Ž

143	8F	�	Å	Å	�

144	90	�	É	É	�

145	91	‘	æ	æ	‘

146	92	’	Æ	Æ	’

147	93	“	ô	ô	“

148	94	”	ö	ö	”

149	95	•	ò	ò	•

150	96	–	û	û	–

151	97	—	ù	ù	—

152	98	˜	ÿ	ÿ	˜

153	99	™	Ö	Ö	™

154	9A	š	Ü	Ü	š

155	9B	›	¢	ø	›

156	9C	œ	£	£	œ

157	9D	�	¥	Ø	�

158	9E	ž	Pt	×	ž

159	9F	Ÿ	ƒ	ƒ	Ÿ

160	A0	 	á	á

161	A1	¡	í	í	ϒ

162	A2	¢	ó	ó	′

163	A3	£	ú	ú	≤

164	A4	¤	ñ	ñ	⁄

165	A5	¥	Ñ	Ñ	∞

166	A6	¦	ª	ª	ƒ

167	A7	§	º	º	♣

168	A8	¨	¿	¿	♦

169	A9	©	®	♥

170	AA	ª	♠

171	AB	«	½	½	↔

172	AC	¬	¼	¼	←

173	AD	­	¡	¡	↑

174	AE	®	«	«	→

175	AF	¯	»	»	↓

176	B0	°	°

177	B1	±	±

178	B2	²	″

179	B3	³	≥

180	B4	´	×

181	B5	µ	Á	∝

182	B6	¶	Â	∂

183	B7	·	À	•

184	B8	¸	©	÷

185	B9	¹	≠

186	BA	º	≡

187	BB	»	≈

188	BC	¼	…

189	BD	½	¢

190	BE	¾	¥	—

191	BF	¿	↵

192	C0	À	ℵ

193	C1	Á	ℑ

194	C2	Â	ℜ

195	C3	Ã	℘

196	C4	Ä	⊗

197	C5	Å	⊕

198	C6	Æ	ã	∅

199	C7	Ç	Ã	∩

200	C8	È	∪

201	C9	É	⊃

202	CA	Ê	⊇

203	CB	Ë	⊄

204	CC	Ì	⊂

205	CD	Í	⊆

206	CE	Î	∈

207	CF	Ï	¤	∉

208	D0	Ð	ð	∠

209	D1	Ñ	Ð	∇

210	D2	Ò	Ê	®

211	D3	Ó	Ë	©

212	D4	Ô	È	™

213	D5	Õ	¹	∏

214	D6	Ö	Í	√

215	D7	×	Î	⋅

216	D8	Ø	Ï	¬

217	D9	Ù	∧

218	DA	Ú	∨

219	DB	Û	⇔

220	DC	Ü	⇐

221	DD	Ý	¦	⇑

222	DE	Þ	Ì	⇒

223	DF	ß	⇓

224	E0	à	α	Ó	◊

225	E1	á	β	β	〈

226	E2	â	Γ	Ô	®

227	E3	ã	∏	Ò	©

228	E4	ä	Σ	õ	™

229	E5	å	σ	Õ	∑

230	E6	æ	μ	μ

231	E7	ç	Þ

232	E8	è	Φ	þ

233	E9	é	Θ	Ú

234	EA	ê	Ω	Û

235	EB	ë	δ	Ù

236	EC	ì	∞	ý

237	ED	í	∅	Ý

238	EE	î	ε	¯

239	EF	ï	∩	´

240	F0	ð	≡	-	ð

241	F1	ñ	±	±	〉

242	F2	ò	≥	=	∫

243	F3	ó	≤	¾	⌠

244	F4	ô	⌠	¶

245	F5	õ	⌡	§	⌡

246	F6	ö	÷	÷

247	F7	÷	≈	¸

248	F8	ø	°	°

249	F9	ù	•	··

250	FA	ú	·	·

251	FB	û	√	¹

252	FC	ü	³

253	FD	ý	²	²

254	FE	þ

255	FF	ÿ	 	 	ÿ

You can enter these characters from the keyboard. Select the correct font in your application, then hold down the ALT key, then use the number pad: press and release 0 (zero), followed by the two- or three-digit decimal code for the character (in the Dec column in this table). Then release the ALT key.

Character codes highlighted in red may not be supported by Apple or UNIX computers. Character codes highlighted in blue may not be supported by word processors. Windows 3.x help cannot display the Wingdings font in help files. CP437 is Codepage 437 (United States), CP850 is Codepage 850 (Multilingual Latin 1); both are simulated using ANSI characters and pictures. Most fonts do not support characters 0-31.


 DOS Line Drawing Characters


 Codepages

CP	ID	Character Set

037	·	EBCDIC

437	dos-437	MS-DOS, United States

500	·	EBCDIC "500V1"

708	·	Arabic (ASMO 708)

709	·	Arabic (ASMO 449+, BCON V4)

710	·	Arabic (Transparent Arabic)

720	dos-720	Arabic (DOS, Transparent AMSO)

737	·	MS-DOS Greek (was 437G)

775	·	MS-DOS Baltic

847	·	Thai

850	dos-850	Multi-lingual; Western Europe (Latin 1)

852	·	Slavic (Latin 2)

855	·	IBM Cyrillic (Russian)

857	·	Turkish (MS-DOS IBM Turkish)

860	·	Portuguese (MS-DOS Portuguese)

861	·	Icelandic (MS-DOS Icelandic)

862	dos-862	Hebrew (DOS)

863 	·	Canadian-French (MS-DOS Canadian French)

864	·	Arabic

865 	·	Nordic (MS-DOS Nordic)

866	·	Russian (MS-DOS Russian)

869	·	Modern Greek (IBM Greek)

874	Windows-874	Thai

875	·	EBCDIC

932	shift_jis	JIS/Japan (Shift-JIS)

936	gb2312	Chinese: Simplified characters – PRC and Singapore

949	ks_c_5601	Korean Extended Wansung

950	big5	Chinese: Traditional characters – Taiwan and Hong Kong

1026	·	EBCDIC

1200	·	Unicode (bitmap of ISO 10646)

1250	Windows-1250	Latin 2 East Europe / Central European

1251	Windows-1251	Cyrillic

1252	iso-8859-1	Latin 1

1253	Windows-1253	Greek

1254	Windows-1254	Turkish

1255	iso-8859-8	Hebrew (ISO-Logical or ISO-Visual)

1256	Windows-1256	Arabic (Windows)

1257	Windows-1257	Windows Baltic

1258	Windows-1258	Vietnamese

1361	·	Korean Johab

10000	·	Macintosh Roman

10001	·	Macintosh Japanese

10006	·	Macintosh Greek I

10007	·	Macintosh Cyrillic

10029	·	Macintosh Latin II

10079	·	Macintosh Icelandic

10081	·	Macintosh Turkish

20866	koi8-r	Cyrillic

28585	iso_8859-5	Cyrillic (ISO)

28592	iso-8859-2	Central European

28594	iso-8869-4	Baltic (ISO)

28597	iso-8859-7	Greek (ISO)

28599	iso-8859-9	Turkish (ISO)

50220	iso-2022-jp	Japanese (JIS)

50225	ISO-2022-KR	Korean (ISO)

51932	x-euc-jp	Japanese (EUC)

52936	HZ-GB-2312	Simplified Chinese

65000	UTF-7	Unicode UTF-7

65001	UTF-8	Unicode UTF-8

Codepage and Languages

437	dos-437	Dutch (Belgian), Dutch (standard), English (US), English (Australian), English (British), English (Irish), English (New Zealand), Finnish, French (Belgian), French (standard), French (Swiss), German (Austrian), German (standard), German (Swiss), Italian (standard), Spanish (Mexican), Spanish (modern sort), Spanish (traditional sort)

850	dos-850	Danish, Dutch (Belgian), Dutch (standard), , English (US), English (Australian), English (British), English (Canadian), English (Irish), English (New Zealand), Finnish, French (Belgian), French (Canadian), French (standard), French (Swiss), German (Austrian), German (standard), German (Swiss), Icelandic, Italian (standard), Norwegian (Bokmal), Portuguese (Brazilian), Portuguese (standard), Spanish (Mexican), Spanish (modern sort), Spanish (traditional sort), Swedish

852	·	Croatian, Czech, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian, Turkish

855	·	Bulgarian, Czech, Russian

857	·	Turkish

860	·	Portuguese (Brazilian), Portuguese (standard)

861	·	Icelandic

863	·	English (Canadian), French (Canadian)

865	·	Danish, Norwegian (Bokmal), Swedish

866	·	Bulgarian, Russian

869	·	Greek


Windows Virtual Key Codes
 Windows Key Codes

Constant name	Value	Keyboard equivalent

VK_LBUTTON	01H	Left mouse button or touch screen

VK_RBUTTON	02H	Right mouse button

VK_CANCEL	03H	Used for CTRL + BREAK processing

VK_MBUTTON	04H	Middle mouse button (three-button mouse)

 ·	05H	Undefined

 ·	06H	Undefined

 ·	07H	Undefined

VK_BACK	08H	BACKSPACE key

VK_TAB	09H	TAB key

 ·	0AH	Undefined

 ·	0BH	Undefined

VK_CLEAR	0CH	CLEAR key

VK_RETURN	0DH	ENTER key

 ·	0EH	Undefined

 ·	0FH	Undefined

VK_SHIFT	10H	SHIFT key

VK_CONTROL	11H	CTRL key

VK_MENU	12H	ALT key

VK_PAUSE	13H	PAUSE key

VK_CAPITAL	14H	CAPS LOCK key

 ·	15H	Reserved for Kanji

 ·	16H	Reserved for Kanji

 ·	17H	Reserved for Kanji

 ·	18H	Reserved for Kanji

 ·	19H	Reserved for Kanji

 ·	1AH	Undefined

VK_ESCAPE	1BH	ESC key

 ·	1CH	Reserved for Kanji

 ·	1DH	Reserved for Kanji

 ·	1EH	Reserved for Kanji

 ·	1FH	Reserved for Kanji

VK_SPACE	20H	SPACEBAR

VK_PRIOR	21H	PAGE UP key

VK_NEXT	22H	PAGE DOWN key

VK_END	23H	END key

VK_HOME	24H	HOME key

VK_LEFT	25H	LEFT ARROW key

VK_UP	26H	UP ARROW key

VK_RIGHT	27H	RIGHT ARROW key

VK_DOWN	28H	DOWN ARROW key

VK_SELECT	29H	SELECT key

VK_PRINT	2AH	(OEM specific)

VK_EXECUTE	2BH	EXECUTE key

VK_SNAPSHOT	2CH	PRINT SCREEN

VK_INSERT	2DH	INS key

VK_DELETE	2EH	DEL key

VK_HELP	2FH	HELP key

VK_0	30H	Top row 0 key

VK_1	31H	Top row 1 key

VK_2	32H	Top row 2 key

VK_3	33H	Top row 3 key

VK_4	34H	Top row 4 key

VK_5	35H	Top row 5 key

VK_6	36H	Top row 6 key

VK_7	37H	Top row 7 key

VK_8	38H	Top row 8 key

VK_9	39H	Top row 9 key

 ·	3AH	Undefined

 ·	3BH	Undefined

 ·	3CH	Undefined

 ·	3DH	Undefined

 ·	3EH	Undefined

 ·	3FH	Undefined

 ·	40H	Undefined

VK_A	41H	A key

VK_B	42H	B key

VK_C	43H	C key

VK_D	44H	D key

VK_E	45H	E key

VK_F	46H	F key

VK_G	47H	G key

VK_H	48H	H key

VK_I	49H	I key

VK_J	4AH	J key

VK_K	4BH	K key

VK_L	4CH	L key

VK_M	4DH	M key

VK_N	4EH	N key

VK_O	4FH	O key

VK_P	50H	P key

VK_Q	51H	Q key

VK_R	52H	R key

VK_S	53H	S key

VK_T	54H	T key

VK_U	55H	U key

VK_V	56H	V key

VK_W	57H	W key

VK_X	58H	X key

VK_Y	59H	Y key

VK_Z	5AH	Z key

VK_LWIN	5BH	Left Windows key Applications key; Microsoft Natural Keyboard or Windows CE

VK_RWIN	5CH	Right Windows key Applications key; Microsoft Natural Keyboard or Windows CE

VK_APPS	5DH	Applications key; Microsoft Natural Keyboard or Windows CE

 ·	5EH	Undefined

 ·	5FH	Undefined

VK_NUMPAD0	60H	Keypad 0

VK_NUMPAD1	61H	Keypad 1

VK_NUMPAD2	62H	Keypad 2

VK_NUMPAD3	63H	Keypad 3

VK_NUMPAD4	64H	Keypad 4

VK_NUMPAD5	65H	Keypad 5

VK_NUMPAD6	66H	Keypad 6

VK_NUMPAD7	67H	Keypad 7

VK_NUMPAD8	68H	Keypad 8

VK_NUMPAD9	69H	Keypad 9

VK_MULTIPLY	6AH	Multiply key (asterisk * )

VK_ADD	6BH	Add key (plus sign + )

VK_SEPARATOR	6CH	Separator key

VK_SUBTRACT	6DH	Subtract key (minus sign - )

VK_DECIMAL	6EH	Decimal key (period . )

VK_DIVIDE	6FH	Divide key  (slash /)

VK_F1	70H	F1 function key

VK_F2	71H	F2 function key

VK_F3	72H	F3 function key

VK_F4	73H	F4 function key

VK_F5	74H	F5 function key

VK_F6	75H	F6 function key

VK_F7	76H	F7 function key

VK_F8	77H	F8 function key

VK_F9	78H	F9 function key

VK_F10	79H	F10 function key

VK_F11	7AH	F11 function key

VK_F12	7BH	F12 function key

VK_F13	7CH	F13 function key

VK_F14	7DH	F14 function key

VK_F15	7EH	F15 function key

VK_F16	7FH	F16 function key

VK_F17	80H	F17 function key

VK_F18	81H	F18 function key

VK_F19	82H	F19 function key

VK_F20	83H	F20 function key

VK_F21	84H	F21 function key

VK_F22	85H	F22 function key

VK_F23	86H	F23 function key

VK_F24	87H	F24 function key

 ·	88H	Unassigned

 ·	89H	Unassigned

 ·	8AH	Unassigned

 ·	8BH	Unassigned

 ·	8CH	Unassigned

 ·	8DH	Unassigned

 ·	8EH	Unassigned

 ·	8FH	Unassigned

VK_NUMLOCK	90H	NUM LOCK key

VK_SCROLL	91H	SCROLL LOCK key

 ·	92-B9H	Unassigned

 ·	BA-BFH	OEM specific

VK_LSHIFT	A0H	Windows CE

VK_RSHIFT	A1H	Windows CE

VK_LCONTROL	A2H	Windows CE

VK_RCONTROL	A3H	Windows CE

VK_LMENU	A4H	Windows CE

VK_RMENU	A5H	Windows CE

 ·	A6-C0H	OEM specific

 ·	C1-DAH	Unassigned

 ·	DB-E4H	OEM specific

 ·	E5H	Unassigned

 ·	E6H	OEM specific

 ·	E7H	Unassigned

 ·	E8H	Unassigned

 ·	E9-F5H	OEM specific

VK_ATTN	F6H	ATTN key; Windows CE

VK_CRSEL	F7H	CRSEL key Windows CE

VK_EXSEL	F8H	EXSEL key; Windows CE

VK_EREOF	F9H	Erase EOF key; Windows CE

VK_PLAY	FAH	Play key; Windows CE

VK_ZOOM	FBH	Zoom key; Windows CE

VK_NONAME	FCH	Reserved; Windows CE

VK_PA1	FDH	PA1 key; Windows CE

VK_EM_CLEAR	FEH	Clear key; Windows CE

This table shows Windows Virtual key codes. The columns are symbolic constant names (defined in WINDOWS.H), hexadecimal values, and keyboard names.


Key Codes
 DOS Key Codes

Key	·	Shift	Ctrl	Alt	Char

a A	1E61	1E41	1E01	1E00	1E86

b B	3062	3042	3002	3000	30FE

c C	2E63	2E43	2E03	2E00	2E87

d D	2064	2044	2004	2000	20D0

e E	1265	1245	1205	1200	1291

f  F	2166	2146	2106	2100	219F

g G	2267	2247	2207	2200	22CF

h H	2368	2348	2308	2300	23BE

i I	1769	1749	1709	1700	·

j J	246A	244A	240A	2400	2424

k K	256B	244B	250B	2500	25BD

l L	266C	264C	260C	2600	269C

m M	326D	324D	320D	3200	32E6

n N	316E	314E	310E	3100	31D5

o O	186F	184F	180F	1800	189B

p P	1970	1950	1910	1900	19E7

q Q	1071	1051	1011	1000	10A6

r R	1372	1352	1312	1300	·

s S	1F73	1F53	1F13	1F00	1FE1

t T	1474	1454	1414	1400	·

u U	1675	1655	1615	1600	·

v V	2F76	2F56	2F16	2F00	2FF5

w W	1177	1157	1117	1100	11A7

x X	2D78	2D58	2D18	2D00	2DF8

y Y	1579	1559	1519	1500	·

z Z	2C7A	2C5A	2C1A	2C00	2CF4

ESC	011B	011B	011B	0100	011B

0 )	0B30	0B29	·	8100	0B30

1 !	0231	0221	·	7800	02AE

2 @	0332	0340	0300	7900	03AF

3 #	0433	·	0423	7A00	04A8

4 $	0534	0524	·	7B00	0534

5 %	0635	0625	·	7C00	0635

6 ^	0736	075E	071E	7D00	0736

7 &	0837	0826	·	7E00	08AC

8 *	0938	092A	·	7F00	09AB

9 (	0A39	0A28	·	8000	0AF3

-  _	0C3D	0C5F	0C1F	8200	·

= +	0D3D	0D2B	·	8300	0DF2

BACK	0E08	0E08	0E7F	0E00	0E08

TAB	0F09	0F00	9400	A500	0F09

ENTER	1C0D	1C0D	1C0A	1C00	1C0D

ENTER§	E00D	E00D	E00A	A600	·

; :	273B	273A	·	2700	273A

' "	2827	2822	·	2800	2827

\ |	2B5C	2B7C	2B1C	2B00	2B5C

, <	332C	333C	·	3300	·

. >	342E	343E	·	3400	34FA

/ ?	352F	353F	·	3500	35F6

GRAY /	E02F	E02F	9500	A400	·

SPACE	3920	3920	3920	3920	3920

F1	3B00	5400	5E00	6800	DB00

F2	3C00	5500	5F00	6900	DC00

F3	3D00	5600	6000	6A00	DD00

F4	3E00	5700	6100	6B00	DE00

F5	3F00	5800	6200	6C00	DF00

F6	4000	5900	6300	6D00	E000

F7	4100	5A00	6400	6E00	E100

F8	4200	5B00	6500	6F00	E200

F9	4300	5C00	6600	7000	E300

F10	4400	5D00	6700	7100	E400

F11	5700	8700	8900	8B00	·

F12	5800	8800	8A00	8C00	·

HOME 7	4700	4737	7700	·	4700

HOME§	47E0	47E0	77E0	9700	·

UP 8	4800	4838	8D00	·	4800

UP§	48E0	48E0	8DE0	9800	·

PGUP 9	4900	4939	8400	·	4900

PGUP§	49E0	49E0	84E0	9900	·

GRAY -	4A2D	4A2D	8E00	4A00	4AF0

LEFT 4	4B00	4B34	7300	·	4B00

LEFT§	4B30	4BE0	73E0	9B00	·

CENTER 5	4C00	4C35	8F00	·	·

CENTER§	4C00	8FE0	4C00	9C00	·

RIGHT 6	4D00	4D36	7400	·	4D00

RIGHT§	4D00	4DE0	74E0	9D00	·

END 1	4F00	4F31	7500	·	4F00

END§	4FE0	4FE0	75E0	9FE0	·

DOWN 2	5000	5032	9100	·	5000

DOWN§	50E0	50E0	50E0	A000	·

PGDN 3	5100	5133	7600	·	5100

PGDN§	51E0	51E0	76E0	A100	·

INS 0	5200	5230	9200	·	5200

INS§	52E0	52E0	92E0	A2E0	·

DEL .	5300	532E	9300	·	5300

GRAY *	372A	·	9600	·	379E

GRAY =	0D3D	0D3D	·	8300	0DF2

MENU§	C800	C900	CA00	CB00	·

§ Combinations available with extended keyboard BIOS only. Char prefix key and Menu key available on Hewlett-Packard Palmtops.


 Font Information

Parts of a font

Font sizes, in points


 Units

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y

Absolute zero	-273 degrees Centigrade
-459.4 degrees Fahrenheit

Acre	43,560 square feet
0.405 hectare

Angstrom (A)	0.000000004 inch
0.0001 micrometer exactly
0.0000001 millimeter exactly
0.1 nanometer exactly
120 fathoms exactly

Are[s]	100 sq. meters
0.025 acre
119.599 square yards

Astronomical Unit (AU)
Mean distance from Earth to Sun
93 million miles

Bale	500 lb. (approximately)

Balthazar	(champagne)
6 magnums

Barrel	31.5 gallons
7,276.5 cubic inches

Barrel	(petroleum)
42 gallons
9,702 cubic inches

Billion	1,000,000,000 (1E9)
British: 1,000,000,000,000 (1E12)

Bit (b)	Binary digit

Board foot	144 cubic inches (12×12×1 inch)

Bolt	(cloth)
40 yards

Bushel	(dry)
4 pecks
32 dry quarts
2150.42 cubic inches
35.2383 liters
60 pounds of wheat
56 pounds of rye
56 pounds of corn
48 pounds of barley
32 pounds of oats

Byte (B)	8 bits (hardware-dependent; may be 6, 7 or 9 on some older computers)
signed range: -128 to 127
unsigned range: 0 to 255

Cable's length	720 ft. exactly
219 meters

Carat	200 milligrams
3.086 grains (troy)

Centigrade	(temperature)
Degrees Centigrade = (5 ÷ 9) × (º Fahrenheit - 32)

Centigram	0.01 gram exactly
0.154 grain

Centiliter	0.01 liter exactly
0.61 cubic inch
0.0176 UK pint
0.0182 dry US pint
0.021 liquid US pint

Centimeter (cm)	0.3937 inch

0.01 meter exactly

Chain (ch)	(Gunter or surveying)
66 feet exactly
20.1168 meters

Chain	(Engineer)
100 feet
30.48 meters exactly

Circle	(angular)
360 degrees
4 quadrants
21,600 minutes
1,296,000 seconds

Cubic Centimeter	0.000001 cubic meter
0.061 cubic inch

Cubic Decimeter	0.001 cubic meter
61.023 cubic inches

Cubic Inch	16.3871 cubic centimeters
0.0360 pounds of water

Cubic Foot	1,728 cubic inches
28316.8466 cubic centimeters
18.317 cubic decimeters

Cubic Meter	1.307 cubic yards
35.3147 cubic feet
61023.7441 cubic inches

Cubic yard	27 cubic feet
764554.8580 cubic centimeters
0.765 cubic meter

Cubit	(Biblical)
21.8 inches
38.2 cm

Currency	8 bytes
Range: -922337203685477.5808 to 922337203685477.5807

Decagram	10 grams
0.353 oz.

Decigram	0.1 gram
1.543 grains

Decimeter (dm)	3.937 inches

Decaliter	10 liters exactly
0.35 cubic foot
1.14 pecks

Decameter (dam)	32.808 square feet
1 square hectometer
10 square meters exactly
2.471 acres

Decigram	0.1 gram exactly
1.543 grains

Deciliter	0.1 liter exactly
6.1 cubic inches
0.176 UK pint
0.182 US dry pint
0.21 US liquid pint

Decimeter	0.1 meter exactly
3.937 inches

Decillion	1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
1E33

Degree	(Geography)
364,566.929 feet
69,047 miles (avg.)
111.123 kilometers (avg.)

Degree of latitude	68.708 miles at the equator
69.403 miles at the poles

Degree of longitude	69,171 miles at equator

Double precision	64 bits, 8 bytes
5.0×10E-324 to 1.7×10E308
negative: -1.79769313486232E308 to -4.94065645841247E-324
positive: 4.94065645841247E-324 to 1.79769313486232E308

Dozen	12

Dram	(Avoirdupois)
27.34375 grains

e	2.71828182845904523536028747135266249775724709369995957496696762772

Earth	(planet)
7,900-7,926 miles diameter
91.4 to 94.6 million miles from Sun
365.25 day year

Exa- (E)	10^18

Extended precision	80 bits, 10 bytes
3.4×10E-4932 to 1.1×10e4932

Fahrenheit	(temperature)
Degrees Fahrenheit = (9 ÷ 5 × º Centigrade) + 32

Fathom	6 ft. exactly
1.8288 meters exactly

Fifth	(alcohol)
0.76706 liter
1.6 pints
0.8 quart

Firkin	(computer slang)
0.25 barrel
10.5 gallons

Foot (ft)	0.3048 meters exactly
12 in. exactly

Fortnight	14 days
2 weeks

Furlong	660 feet
220 yards
1/8 mile

Gallon	231 cubic inches
3.7854 liters
8.33 pounds of water

Giga- (G)	10^9

Gigabit (Gb)	1,073,741,824 bits
134,217,728 bytes

Gigabyte (GB)	1,024 megabytes
1,073,741,824 bytes (10^9)

Gill	(liquid)
4 fluid oz.
7.219 cubic inches
0.1183 liter

Grain	(Avoirdupois)
0.0648 gram

Gram	0.035 oz.
1 cubic centimeter of water at 4 degrees Centigrade

Gross	12 dozen
144

Hand	(Horse height measurement, from ground to shoulders)
4 inches

Hectare	10,000 square meters
100 are[s]
2.471 acres

Hectogram	100 grams exactly
3.527 oz.

Hectoliter	100 liters exactly
3.53 cubic feet
2.84 bushels
1.057 liquid quarts

Hectometer	100 meters exactly
328.08 feet
1 square kilometer
0.386 square mile

Hogshead	2 barrels

Horsepower	746 watts

Hundredweight	100 pounds

Inch (in)	2.54 centimeters exactly

Integer (short)	16 bits, 2 bytes
signed range: -32768 to 32,767
unsigned range: 0 to 65,535

Integer (long)	32-bits, 4 bytes
signed range: -2147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
unsigned range: 0 to 4,294,967,295

Jeroboam	(alcohol, brandy and champagne)
0.8 gallons
1.6 magnum

Jigger	(alcohol)
1.5 shot

Jupiter	(planet)
88,700 miles diameter
460.6 to 507 million miles from Sun
4331.8 day year

Kelvin	(temperature)
Degrees Kelvin = º Centigrade + 273.16

Kilo- (k)	10^3

Kilobit (Kb)	1024 bits
128 bytes

Kilobyte (KB)	1024 bytes

Kilogram	1,000 grams exactly
2.20462 pounds

Kiloliter	1,000 liters exactly
1.31 cubic yards

Kilometer (km)	0.621 mile
3,281.5 feet
1,000 meters exactly

Kilowatt	(power)
1,000 watts

Kilowatt-hour	(power)
3,600,000 joules
3.6 megajoules

League (land)	3 survey miles exactly
4.828 kilometers

Light-year	5,878,000,000,000 mi. (approximately)

Link	(Gunter or surveying)
7.92 in. exactly
0.201 meter

Link	(Engineer)
1 foot
0.305 meter

Liter	61.02 cubic inch
0.908 quart
10 deciliters
1.76 UK pints
1.82 dry US pint
2.1 liquid US pint

Long integer	32 bits, 4 bytes
signed range: -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
unsigned range: 0 to 4,294,967,295

Magnum	(liquid)
2/5 gallon (approximately)

Magnum	(alcohol)
2.49797 bottles of wine
2 quarts

Mars	(planet)
4,180 miles diameter
128.5–155 million miles from Sun
687 day year

Mega- (M)	10^6

Megabit (Mb)	1,024 bits
131,072 bytes

Megabyte (MB)	1,024 kilobytes
1,048,576 bytes (10^6)

Mercury	(planet)
3,031 miles diameter
28.6–43.4 million miles from Sun
88 day year

Meter (m)	39.37 inches
1.094 yards
Length of the path light travels in a vacuum in 1/299792458 second.

Metric ton	1,000,000 grams exactly
1.102 short ton
2,204.623 pounds

Micrometer (mm)	µ (Greek letter mu)
0.001 millimeter exactly
0.00003937 inch

Micro-fortnight	(computer slang)
1/1000000 fortnight
1.2096 second.

Micro-year	(computer slang)
31.5576 seconds
0.526 minute

Mil	0.001 inch exactly
0.0254 millimeter exactly

Mile (MI)	(Statute or land)
1760 yards exactly
5,280 feet exactly
1.609.3440 kilometers

Milligram	0.001 gram exactly
0.015 grain

Milliliter (ml)	0.001 liter exactly
0.0610237 cubic inch
0.27 fluid dram
0.00176 UK pint
0.00182 dry US pint
.0021 liquid US pint

Millimeter (mm)	0.03937 inch
0.001 meter exactly

Million	1,000,000
1E6

Minim	(liquid)
0.0038 cubic inch
0.0616 milliliter

Minute	(angular)
60 seconds
1/60 degree
1/5400 quadrant or right angle
1/21600 circle

Moon	2,160 miles diameter
27.322 days rotation around Earth

Nanometer (nm)	0.001 micrometer exactly
0.00000003937 inch

Nanosecond	1 billionth second
0.000000001 second

Nano-year	(computer slang)
.0315576 seconds

Nautical Mile	6076.11549 feet
1.852 kilometers exactly
1.150779 survey miles

Nebuchadnezzar	(champagne)
8 magnums

Neptune	(planet)
30,600 miles diameter (approximately, no solid surface)
2760.4–2821.7 million miles from Sun
60188.3 day year

Nonillion	1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
1E30

Octillion	1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
1E27

Ohm	(electrical resistance)
1 ampere at 1 volt of pressure

Ounce	(Avoirdupois)
16 drams
28.359 grams

Ounce	(Fluid)
0.0078 gallon
0.0296 liter

Pace	30 inches
2.5 feet

Parsec	3.26 light years
19,200,000,000,000 miles (approximately)

Palm	3 inches

Peck	16 pints
0.25 bushel
537.605 cubic inches
8.809 liters
1 British dry quart

Peta- (P)	10^15

Pi	3.1415926535897932384626433832795028841971693993751058209749445923

Pica	(typography)
12 points

Pint	(liquid)
28.875 cubic inches
0.473176 liter
0.0625 peck

Pint	(alcohol)
16 shots
0.625 fifth

Pluto	(planet)
1,400 miles diameter
2,756.4–4,551.4 million miles from Sun
90466.8 day year

Point (pt)	(Typography)
0.013837 in. exactly
1/72 in. (approximately)
1/12 pica
0.351 millimeter

Pony	(alcohol)
0.5 jigger

Quadrant	(angular)
1/4 circle
90 degrees
5,400 minutes
324,000 seconds

Quad integer	64 bits, 8 bytes
signed range: -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807
unsigned range: 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615

Quadrillion	1,000,000,000,000,000
1E15

Quart (qt)	2 pints
57.7500 cubic inches
0.946353 liter

Quart	(alcohol)
1.25  fifths
32 shots

Quintal	100,000 grams
220.46 pounds (avoirdupois)

Quintillion	1,000,000,000,000,000,000
1E18

Rehoboam Methuselah	(champagne)
3 magnums

Rod (rd)	(Pole, or perch)
16 1/2 feet exactly
5.029 meters

Salmanazar	(champagne)
4 magnums

Saturn	(planet)
71,000 miles diameter
8,338.4–937.5 million miles from Sun
10,760 day year

Second	(angular)
1/60 minute
1/3600 degree
1/324000 quadrant
1/296000 circle

Septillion	1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
1E24

Sextillion	1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
1E21

Short integer	16 bits, 2 bytes
signed range: -32768 to 32,767
unsigned range: 0 to 65,535

Shot	(alcohol)
0.6666 jigger
1 ounce

Single precision	32 bits, 4 bytes
1.5*10E-45 to 3.4*10E38
negative: -3.402823E38 to -1.401298E-45
positive: 1.401298E-45 to 3.402823E38

Span	6 inches

Square Centimeter	0.0001 square meter
0.155 square inch

Square decimeter	15.5 square inches

Square foot	144 square inches
929.03 square centimeters

Square inch	6.4516 square centimeters

Square Kilometer	1,000,000 square meters
100 hectares
0.3861 square mile
247.1 acres

Square Meter	100 square centimeters
1.196 square yards

Square Mile	640 acres
3,097,600 square yards
27,878,400 square feet
258.999 hectares

Square Yard	9 square feet
1,296 square inches
0.836 square meter

Sun	432449 miles diameter

Tera- (T)	10^12

Thousand	1,000
1E3

Ton	2000 pounds

Tonne	(metric ton)
1000 kilograms
2204.62 pounds

Trillion	1,000,000,000,000

Twip	1/1440 inch

Uranus	(planet)
32,000 miles diameter
1669.3 to 1859.7 million miles from Sun
30684 day year

Venus	(planet)
7,519 miles diameter
66.8 to 67.7 million miles from Sun
224.7 day year

Watt	(power)
1 joule per second

Wine bottle	0.20016 gallon
.07576778 liter
0.800633 quart

Yard (yd)	36 inches
3 feet
0.9144 meter exactly

Yotta- (Y)	10^24

Zeta- (Z)	10^21


 Unit Conversions

To Convert From	Multiply by	To Convert To

acre	40.468564224	ares

acre	0.40468564224	hectares

acre	43,560	square feet

acre	0.0040468564224	square kilometers

acre	4,046.8564224	square meters

acre	0.00156250	square miles (statute)

acre	4,840	square yards

ares	100	square meters

ares	119.599	square yards

barrels, US beer	31	gallons

barrels, US beer	117.34777	liters

barrels, US petroleum	34.97	gallons (British)

barrels, US petroleum	42	gallons (US)

barrels, US petroleum	158.98729	liters

barrels, US proof spirits	40	gallons

barrels, US proof spirits	151.41647	liters

bushels (US)	0.9689	bushels (British)

bushels (US)	1.244456	cubic feet

bushels (US)	2,150.42	cubic inches

bushels (US)	0.03523907 	cubic meters

bushels (US)	0.04609096	cubic yards

bushels (US)	3.523907	deciliters

bushels (US)	64	dry pints

bushels (US)	32	dry quarts

bushels (US)	4	pecks

cable	120	fathoms

cable	219.456	meters

cable	240	yards

carat	200	carat

centimeters	0.03280840	feet

centimeters	0.3937008	inches

centimeters	0.01	meters

centimeters	0.01093613	yards

centimeters, cubic	0.061023744	cubic inches

centimeters, square	0.00107639	square feet

centimeters, square	0.15500031	square inches

centimeters, square	0.0001	square meters

centimeters, square	0.000119599	square yards

chains, square surveyor's	4.04686	ares

chains, square surveyor's	4,356	square feet

chains, surveyor's	66	feet

chains, surveyor's	20.1168	meters

chains, surveyor's	4	rods

cords of wood	128	cubic feet

cords of wood	3.624556	cubic meters

cords of wood	4.7407	cubic yards

cups	8	liquid ounces (US)

cups	0.2365882	liters

degrees Celsius	(n *1.8) + 32	degrees Fahrenheit

degrees Fahrenheit	(n - 32) ÷ 1.8	degrees Celsius

deciliter	0.2837759	bushels

deciliter	0.3531467	cubic feet

deciliter	610.2374	cubic inches

deciliter	18.16166	dry pints

deciliter	9.0808298	dry quarts

deciliter	10	liters

deciliter	1.135104	pecks

drams, avoirdupois	0.06255	avoirdupois ounce

drams, avoirdupois	27.344	grains

drams, avoirdupois	1.7718452	grams

drams, troy	60	grains

drams, troy	3.8879346	grams

drams, troy	3	scruples

drams, troy	0.125	drams, troy

drams, liquid (US)	0.226	cubic inches

drams, liquid (US)	1.041	liquid drams (British)

drams, liquid (US)	0.125	liquid ounces

drams, liquid (US)	3.69669	milliliters

drams, liquid (US)	60	minims

fathoms	6	feet

fathoms	1.8288	meters

feet	30.48	centimeters

feet	12	inches

feet	0.0003048	kilometers

feet	0.3048	meters

feet	0.00018939	statute miles

feet	0.3333333	yards

feet, cubic	0.80356395	bushels

feet, cubic	28.316847	cubic decimeters

feet, cubic	1,728	cubic inches

feet, cubic	0.028316846592	cubic meters

feet, cubic	0.03703704	cubic yards

feet, cubic	51.42809	dry pints

feet, cubic	25.71405	dry quarts

feet, cubic	7.480519	gallons

feet, cubic	239.3766	gills

feet, cubic	957.5065	liquid ounces

feet, cubic	59.84416	liquid pints

feet, cubic	29.92208	liquid quarts

feet, cubic	28.316846592	liters

feet, cubic	3.214256	pecks

feet, square	0.0000229568	acres

feet, square	929.0304	square centimeters

feet, square	9.290304	square decimeters

feet, square	144	square inches

feet, square	0.09290304	square meters

feet, square	0.1111111	square yards

furlongs	660	feet

furlongs	7,920	inches

furlongs	201.168	meters

furlongs	0.125	statute miles

furlongs	220	yards

gallons, liquid (US)	0.1336806	cubic feet

gallons, liquid (US)	231	cubic inches

gallons, liquid (US)	0.003785411784	cubic meters

gallons, liquid (US)	0.00495113	cubic yards

gallons, liquid (US)	32	gills (US)

gallons, liquid (US)	0.83267	liquid gallons (British)

gallons, liquid (US)	128	liquid ounces

gallons, liquid (US)	8	liquid pints

gallons, liquid (US)	4	liquid quarts

gallons, liquid (US)	3.785411784	liters

gallons, liquid (US)	3,785.411784	milliliters

gallons, liquid (US)	61,440	minims

gills (US)	11.8294	centiliters

gills (US)	0.004177517	cubic feet

gills (US)	7.21875	cubic inches

gills (US)	0.03125	gallons

gills (US)	0.83267	gills (British)

gills (US)	4	liquid ounces

gills (US)	0.25	liquid pints

gills (US)	0.125	liquid quarts

gills (US)	0.11829411825	liters

gills (US)	118.29411825	milliliters

gills (US)	118.29411825	milliliters

gills (US)	1,920	minims

grains	0.03657143	avoirdupois drams

grains	0.00228571	avoirdupois ounces

grains	0.00014286	avoirdupois pounds

grains	0.06479891	grams

grains	0.06479891	grams

grains	0.00006479891	kilograms

grains	64.798910	grains

grains	0.042	pennyweights

grains	0.05	scruples

grains	0.0166	troy drams

grains	0.00208333	troy ounces

grains	0.00017361	troy pounds

grains	0.56438339	avoirdupois drams

grams	0.035273961	avoirdupois ounces

grams	0.0022046226	avoirdupois pounds

grams	0.001	grains

grams	1,000	milligrams

grams	0.0321507466	troy ounces

grams	0.00267923	grams

hands (height of horse)	10.16	centimeters

hands (height of horse)	4	inches

hectares	2.4710538	acres

hectares	107,639.1	square feet

hectares	0.01	square kilometers

hectares	10,000	square meters

hectares	0.00386102	square miles

hectares	11,959.90	square yards

hundredweight, long	112	avoirdupois pounds

hundredweight, long	50.802345	kilograms

hundredweight, long	0.05	long tons

hundredweight, long	0.050802345	metric tons

hundredweight, long	0.056	short tons

hundredweight, short	100	avoirdupois pounds

hundredweight, short	45.359237	kilograms

hundredweight, short	0.04464286	long tons

hundredweight, short	0.045359237	metric tons

hundredweight, short	0.05	short tons

inches	2.54	centimeters

inches	0.08333333	feet

inches	0.0254	meters

inches	25.4	millimeters

inches	0.02777778	yards

inches, cubic	0.000465025	bushels

inches, cubic	16.387064	cubic centimeters

inches, cubic	0.0005787037	cubic feet

inches, cubic	0.000016387064	cubic meters

inches, cubic	0.00002143347	cubic yards

inches, cubic	0.0297616	dry pints

inches, cubic	0.014880	dry quarts8

inches, cubic	0.0043290	gallons

inches, cubic	0.1385281	gills

inches, cubic	0.5541126	liquid ounces

inches, cubic	0.03463203	liquid pints

inches, cubic	0.01731602	liquid quarts

inches, cubic	0.016387064	liters

inches, cubic	16.387064	milliliters

inches, cubic	265.9740	inches, cubic

inches, cubic	0.00186010	pecks

inches, square	6.451600	square centimeters

inches, square	0.00694444	square feet

inches, square	0.00064516	square meters

inches, square	0.000771605	square yards

kilograms	564.3834	avoirdupois drams

kilograms	35.273962	avoirdupois ounces

kilograms	2.204622622	avoirdupois pounds

kilograms	15,432.36	grains

kilograms	1,000	grams

kilograms	0.0009842	long tons

kilograms	0.001	metric tons

kilograms	0.02204623	short hundredweight

kilograms	0.00110231	kilograms

kilograms	32.15075	troy ounces

kilograms	2.679229	troy pounds

kilometers	1,000	meters

kilometers	0.621371192	statute miles

kilometers, square	247.10538	acres

kilometers, square	100	hectares

kilometers, square	1,000,000	square meters

kilometers, square	0.38610216	statute miles

knots (nautical mi./hr)	1.852	kilometers/hour

knots (nautical mi./hr)	1.151	statute miles/hour

leagues, nautical	5.556	kilometers

leagues, nautical	3	nautical miles

leagues, statute	4.828032	kilometers

leagues, statute	3	statute miles

links, square surveyor's	62.7264	square inches

links, surveyor's	20.1168	centimeters

links, surveyor's	0.01	chains

links, surveyor's	7.92	inches

liters	0.02837759	liters

liters	0.03531467	cubic feet

liters	61.02374	cubic inches

liters	0.001	cubic meters

liters	0.00130795	cubic yards

liters	0.1	deciliters

liters	1.816166	dry pints

liters	0.90808298	dry quarts

liters	0.264172052	gallons

liters	8.453506	gills (US)

liters	33.81402	liquid ounces

liters	2.113376	liquid pints

liters	1.0566	liquid quarts882

liters	1,000	milliliters

liters	0.1135104	pecks

meters	100	centimeters

meters	3.280839895	feet

meters	39.370079	inches

meters	0.001	kilometers

meters	1,000	millimeters

meters	0.000621371	statute miles

meters	1.093613298	yards

meters, cubic	28.37759	bushels

meters, cubic	35.3146667	cubic feet

meters, cubic	61,023.744	cubic inches

meters, cubic	1.307950619	cubic yards

meters, cubic	264.17205	gallons

meters, cubic	1,000	liters

meters, cubic	113.5104	pecks

meters, square	0.00024710538	acres

meters, square	0.0001	hectares

meters, square	10,000	square centimeters

meters, square	10.7639104	square feet

meters, square	1,550.0031	square inches

meters, square	1.195 990046	square yards

microns	0.000001	meters

microns	0.0000394	inches

mils	0.001	inches

mils	0.0254	millimeters

mils	0.0254	millimeters

miles, nautical	1.8520	kilometers

miles, nautical	1.1507794	statute miles

miles, statute	160,934.4	centimeters

miles, statute	5,280	feet

miles, statute	8	furlongs

miles, statute	63,360	inches

miles, statute	1.609344	kilometers

miles, statute	1,609.344	meters

miles, statute	320	rods

miles, statute	1,760	yards

miles, square nautical	3.429904	square kilometers

miles, square nautical	1.325	square statute miles

miles, square statute	640	acres

miles, square statute	258.9988110336	hectares

miles, square statute	1	sections

miles, square statute	2.589988110336	square kilometers

miles, square statute	0.755 miles	square nautical miles

miles, square statute	102,400	square rods

milligrams	0.01543235835	grains

milliliters	0.061023744	cubic inches

milliliters	0.00026417	gallons

milliliters	0.0084535	gills (US)

milliliters	0.03381402	milliliters

milliliters	0.0021134	liquid pints

milliliters	0.0010567	liquid quarts

milliliters	0.001	liters

milliliters	16.23073	minims

millimeters	0.0393700787	inches

minims (US)	0.00375977	cubic inches

minims (US)	0.00052083	gills (US)

minims (US)	0.00208333	liquid ounces

minims (US)	0.06161152	milliliters

minims (US)	1.041	minims (British)

ounces, avoirdupois	16	avoirdupois drams

ounces, avoirdupois	0.0625	avoirdupois pounds

ounces, avoirdupois	437.5	grains

ounces, avoirdupois	28.349523125	grams

ounces, avoirdupois	0.028349523125	kilograms

ounces, avoirdupois	0.9114583	troy ounces

ounces, avoirdupois	0.07595486	troy pounds

ounces, avoirdupois	0.00104438	cubic feet

ounces, liquid (US)	2.95735	centiliters

ounces, liquid (US)	1.8046875	cubic inches

ounces, liquid (US)	0.0078125	gallons

ounces, liquid (US)	8	liquid drams

ounces, liquid (US)	1.041	liquid ounces (British)

ounces, liquid (US)	0.0625	liquid pints

ounces, liquid (US)	0.03125	liquid quarts

ounces, liquid (US)	0.02957353	liters

ounces, liquid (US)	29.5735296	milliliters

ounces, liquid (US)	480	minims

ounces, troy	17.55429	avoirdupois drams

ounces, troy	1.097143	avoirdupois ounces

ounces, troy	0.06857143	avoirdupois pounds

ounces, troy	480	grains

ounces, troy	31.1034768	grams

ounces, troy	20	pennyweights

ounces, troy	8	troy drams

ounces, troy	0.0833333	troy pounds

paces (US)	76.2	centimeters

paces (US)	30	inches

pecks (US)	0.25	bushels

pecks (US)	0.311114	cubic feet

pecks (US)	537.60	cubic inches

pecks (US)	0.00880977	cubic meters

pecks (US)	0.01152274	cubic yards

pecks (US)	0.88097675	deciliters

pecks (US)	16	dry pints

pecks (US)	8	dry quarts

pecks (US)	8.8097675	liters

pecks (US)	0.9689	pecks (British)

pennyweights	24	grains

pennyweights	1.55517384	grams

pennyweights	0.05	troy ounces

pints, dry (US)	0.015625	bushels

pints, dry (US)	0.0194446	cubic feet

pints, dry (US)	33.6003125	cubic inches

pints, dry (US)	0.05506105	deciliters

pints, dry (US)	0.9689	dry pints (British)

pints, dry (US)	0.5	dry quarts

pints, dry (US)	0.55061047	liters

pints, liquid (US)	0.01671007	cubic feet

pints, liquid (US)	28.875	cubic inches

pints, liquid (US)	4.73176	deciliters

pints, liquid (US)	0.125	gallons

pints, liquid (US)	0.125	gallons

pints, liquid (US)	4	gills (US)

pints, liquid (US)	16	liquid ounces

pints, liquid (US)	0.83267	pints, liquid (US)

pints, liquid (US)	0.5	liquid quarts

pints, liquid (US)	0.473176473	liters

pints, liquid (US)	473.176473	milliliters

pints, liquid (US)	7,680	minims

points (typographical)	0.013837	inches

points (typographical)	0.3514598	millimeters

pounds, avoirdupois	256	avoirdupois drams

pounds, avoirdupois	16	avoirdupois ounces

pounds, avoirdupois	7,000	grains

pounds, avoirdupois	453.59237	grams

pounds, avoirdupois	0.45359237	kilograms

pounds, avoirdupois	0.0004464286	long tons

pounds, avoirdupois	0.00045359237	metric tons

pounds, avoirdupois	0.00453592	quintals

pounds, avoirdupois	0.0005	short tons

pounds, avoirdupois	14.58333	troy ounces

pounds, avoirdupois	1.215278	troy pounds

pounds, troy	210.6514	avoirdupois drams

pounds, troy	13.16571	avoirdupois ounces

pounds, troy	0.8228571	avoirdupois pounds

pounds, troy	5,760	grains

pounds, troy	373.2417216	grams

pounds, troy	0.3732417216	kilograms

pounds, troy	240	pennyweights

pounds, troy	12	troy ounces

quarts, dry (US)	0.03125	bushels

quarts, dry (US)	0.03888925	cubic feet

quarts, dry (US)	67.200625	cubic inches

quarts, dry (US)	0.1101221	deciliters

quarts, dry (US)	2	dry pints

quarts, dry (US)	0.9689	dry quarts (British)

quarts, dry (US)	1.101221	liters

quarts, dry (US)	0.125	pecks

quarts, dry (US)	2	pints, dry (US)

quarts, liquid (US)	0.03342014	cubic feet

quarts, liquid (US)	57.75	cubic inches

quarts, liquid (US)	9.46353	deciliters

quarts, liquid (US)	0.25	gallons

quarts, liquid (US)	8	gills (US)

quarts, liquid (US)	32	liquid ounces

quarts, liquid (US)	2	liquid pints (US)

quarts, liquid (US)	0.83267	liquid quarts (British)

quarts, liquid (US)	0.946352946	liters

quarts, liquid (US)	946.352946	milliliters

quarts, liquid (US)	15,360	minims

quintals	220.46226	avoirdupois pounds

quintals	100	kilograms

quintals	0.1	metric tons

rods	16.5	feet

rods	5.0292	meters

rods	5.5	yards

rods, square	0.00625	acres

rods, square	25.29285	square meters

rods, square	30.25	square yards

scruples	20	grains

scruples	1.2959782	grams

scruples	0.333	troy drams

sections (US)	2.5899881	square kilometers

sections (US)	1	square statute miles

spans	22.86	centimeters

spans	9	inches

steres	1	cubic meters

steres	1.30795	cubic yards

tablespoons	14.78676	milliliters

tablespoons	3	teaspoons

teaspoons	4.928922	milliliters

teaspoons	0.333333	tablespoons

ton-miles, long	1.635169	metric ton-kilometers

ton-miles, short	1.459972	metric ton-kilometers

tons, gross register	100	cubic feet of permanently enclosed space

tons, gross register	2.8316847	cubic meters of permanently enclosed space

tons, long (deadweight)	35,840	avoirdupois ounces

tons, long (deadweight)	2,240	avoirdupois pounds

tons, long (deadweight)	1,016.0469098	kilograms

tons, long (deadweight)	20	long hundredweight

tons, long (deadweight)	1.0160469088	metric tons

tons, long (deadweight)	22.4	short hundredweight

tons, long (deadweight)	1.12	short tons

tons, metric	2,204.623	avoirdupois pounds

tons, metric	1,000	kilograms

tons, metric	0.9842065	long tons

tons, metric	0.9842065	long tons

tons, metric	10	quintals

tons, metric	22.04623	short hundredweight

tons, metric	1.1023113	short tons

tons, metric	32,150.75	troy ounces

tons, net register	100	cubic feet of permanently enclosed space for cargo and passengers

tons, net register	2.8316847	cubic meters of permanently enclosed space for cargo and passengers

tons, shipping	42	cubic feet of permanently enclosed cargo space

tons, shipping	1.189307574	cubic meters of permanently enclosed cargo space

tons, short	2,000	avoirdupois pounds

tons, short	907.18474	kilograms

tons, short	0.8928571	long tons

tons, short	0.90718474	metric tons

tons, short	20	short hundredweight

townships (US)	36	sections

townships (US)	93.239572	square kilometers

townships (US)	36	square statute miles

miles, square statute	640	acres

miles, square statute	258.9988110336	miles, square statute

miles, square statute	27,878,400	square feet

miles, square statute	2,589,988.110336	square meters

miles, square statute	3,097,600	square yards

yards	91.44	centimeters

yards	3	feet

yards	36	inches

yards	0.9144	meters

yards	0.00056818	miles

yards, cubic	21.696227	bushels

yards, cubic	27	cubic feet

yards, cubic	46,656	cubic inches

yards, cubic	0.764554857984	cubic meters

yards, cubic	201.9740	gallons

yards, cubic	764.554857984	liters

yards, cubic	86.78491	pecks

yards, square	0.0002066116	acres

yards, square	0.000083612736	hectares

yards, square	8,361.2736	square centimeters

yards, square	9	square feet

yards, square	1,296	square inches

yards, square	0.83612736	square meters

yards, square	0.0000003228306	square miles

Source: CIA World Facts Book, Appendix E.


 Temperatures

Fahrenheit	Celsius

572	300

500	260

482	250

475	246.1111

450	232.2222

437	225

425	218.3333

400	204.4444

392	200

375	190.5555

350	176.6667

325	162.7778

300	148.8889

275	135

250	121.1111

248	120

230	110

212	100	Water boiling point

200	93.3333

194	90

190	87.7778

180	82.2222

176	80

170	76.6667

160	71.1111

158	70

150	65.5555

140	60

130	54.4444

122	50

120	48.8889

115	46.1111

113	45

110	43.3333

105	40.5555

104	40

100	37.7778

98.6	37

95	35

90	32.2222

86	30

85	29.4444

80	26.6667

77	25

75	23.8889

72	22.2222

70	21.1111

68	20

65	18.3333

60	15.5555

59	15

55	12.7778

50	10

41	5

40	4.4444

35	1.6666

32	0	Water freezing point

30	-1.1111

25	-3.8889

23	-5

20	-6.6667

15	-9.4444

14	-10

10	-12.2222

5	-15

0	-17.7778

-4	-20

-5	-20.5555

-10	-23.3333

-13	-25

-15	-26.6667

-20	-28.8889

-22	-30

-25	-31.6666

-30	-34.4444

-31	-35

-35	-37.2222

-40	-40

-50	-45.5555

-60	-51.1111

-70	-56.6667

-80	-62.2222

-90	-67.7778

-100	-73.3333

-150	-101.1111

-297	-182.7778	Oxygen boiling point

-328	-200

-459.4	-273	Absolute zero

Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius:

  PRINT "Celsius: "; ((Fahrenheit - 32) * 5) / 9

Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit:

  PRINT "Fahrenheit: "; ((Celsius * 9) / 5) + 32

http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/r_harvey


 Fractions

Decimal	8th	16th	32nd	64th	10th

0.015625	·	·	·	1/64	·

0.03125	·	·	1/32	2/64	·

0.046875	·	·	·	3/64	·

0.0625	·	1/16	2/32	4/64	·

0.078125	·	·	·	5/64	·

0.09375	·	·	3/32	6/64	·

0.10	·	·	·	·	1/10

0.109375	·	·	·	7/64	·

0.125	1/8	2/16	4/32	8/64	·

0.140625	·	·	·	9/64	·

0.15625	·	·	5/32	10/64	·

0.171875	·	·	·	11/64	·

0.1875	·	3/16	6/32	12/64	·

0.20	·	·	·	·	2/10	1/5

0.203125	·	·	·	13/64	·

0.21875	·	·	7/32	14/64	·

0.234375	·	·	·	15/64	·

0.25	2/8	4/16	8/32	16/64	·

0.265625	·	·	·	17/64	·

0.28125	·	·	9/32	18/64	·

0.296875	·	·	·	19/64	·

0.30	·	·	·	·	3/10

0.3125	·	5/16	10/32	20/64	·

0.328125	·	·	·	21/64	·

0.34375	·	·	11/32	22/64	·

0.359375	·	·	·	23/64	·

0.375	3/8	6/16	12/32	24/64	·

0.390625	·	·	·	25/64	·

0.40	·	·	·	·	4/10	2/5

0.40625	·	·	13/32	26/64	·

0.421875	·	·	·	27/64	·

0.4375	·	7/16	14/32	28/64	·

0.453125	·	·	·	29/64	·

0.46875	·	·	15/32	30/64	·

0.484375	·	·	·	31/64	·

0.50	4/8	8/16	16/32	32/64	5/10

0.515625	·	·	·	33/64	·

0.53125	·	·	17/32	34/64	·

0.546875	·	·	·	35/64	·

0.5625	·	9/16	18/32	36/64	·

0.578125	·	·	·	37/64	·

0.59375	·	·	19/32	38/64	·

0.60	·	·	·	·	6/10	3/5

0.609375	·	·	·	39/64	·

0.625	5/8	10/16	20/32	40/64	·

0.640625	·	·	·	41/64	·

0.65625	·	·	21/32	42/64	·

0.671875	·	·	·	43/64	·

0.6875	·	11/16	22/32	44/64	·

0.70	·	·	·	·	7/10

0.703125	·	·	·	45/64	·

0.71875	·	·	23/32	46/64	·

0.734375	·	·	·	47/64	·

0.75	6/8	12/16	24/32	48/64	·

0.765625	·	·	·	49/64	·

0.78125	·	·	25/32	50/64	·

0.796875	·	·	·	51/64	·

0.80	·	·	·	·	8/10	4/5

0.8125	·	13/16	26/32	52/64	·

0.828125	·	·	·	53/64	·

0.84375	·	·	27/32	54/64	·

0.859375	·	·	·	55/64	·

0.875	7/8	14/16	28/32	56/64	·

0.890625	·	·	·	57/64	·

0.90	·	·	·	·	9/10

0.90625	·	·	29/32	58/64	·

0.921875	·	·	·	59/64	·

0.9375	·	15/16	30/32	60/64	·

0.953125	·	·	·	61/64	·

0.96875	·	·	31/32	62/64	·

0.984375	·	·	·	63/64	·

1.0	8/8	16/16	32/32	64/64	10/10	5/5


 Roman Numerals

Roman	Decimal

I	1

II	2

III	3

IV	4

V	5

VI	6

VII	7

VIII	8

IX	9

X	10

XI	11

XII	12

XIII	13

XIV	14

XV	15

XVI	16

XVII	17

XVIII	18

XIX	19

XX	20

XXX	30

XL	40

L	50

LX	60

LXX	70

LXXX	80

XC	90

C	100

CL	150

CC	200

CCC	300

CD	400

D	500

DC	600

DCC	700

DCCC	800

CM	900

M	1,000

MCMXX	1,920

MCMXXX	1,930

MCMXL	1,940

MCML	1,950

MCMLX	1,960

MCMLXX	1,970

MCMLXXX	1,980

MCMXC	1,990

MM	2,000

5,000

10,000

50,000

100,000

500,000

1,000,000


Resolution Conversions
 Resolution Converter

 	 	 	 	Pixels	Pixels	Pixels	Pixels
Inch	MM	Point	Pica	72dpi	96dpi	120dpi	300dpi

0.0138	0.3515	1.000	0.08	1	1	2	4

0.0277	0.7029	2.000	0.16	2	3	3	8

0.0394	1.0000	2.845	0.24	3	4	5	12

0.0415	1.0544	3.000	0.25	3	4	5	12

0.0553	1.4058	4.000	0.33	4	6	7	17

0.0692	1.7573	5.000	0.4	5	7	8	21

0.0830	2.1088	6.000	0.5	6	8	10	25

0.0969	2.4602	7.000	0.58	7	9	12	29

0.1107	2.8117	8.000	0.66	8	10	13	33

0.1245	3.1631	9.000	0.75	9	12	15	37

0.1250	3.1750	9.034	0.75	9	12	15	37

0.1384	3.5146	10.000	0.83	10	13	17	41

0.1522	3.8661	11.000	0.91	11	15	18	46

0.1660	4.2175	12.000	1	12	16	20	50

0.1937	4.9204	14.000	1.2	14	19	23	58

0.1969	5.0000	14.226	1.2	14	19	24	59

0.2000	5.0800	14.454	1.2	14	20	24	60

0.2214	5.6234	16.000	1.33	16	21	27	66

0.2491	6.3263	18.000	1.49	18	24	30	75

0.2500	6.3500	18.067	1.5	18	24	30	75

0.2767	7.0292	20.000	1.66	20	27	33	83

0.3044	7.7321	22.000	1.8	22	29	37	91

0.3321	8.4350	24.000	2	24	32	40	100

0.3333	8.4667	24.090	2	24	32	40	100

0.3874	9.8409	28.000	2.3	28	37	46	116

0.3937	10.0000	28.453	2.4	28	38	47	118

0.4000	10.1600	28.453	2.4	28	38	47	118

0.4151	10.5438	30.000	2.5	30	40	50	125

0.4428	11.2467	32.000	2.7	32	43	53	133

0.4981	12.6526	36.000	3	36	48	60	149

0.5000	12.7000	36.135	3	36	48	60	150

0.6642	16.8701	48.000	4	48	64	80	199

0.6666	16.9334	48.180	4	48	64	80	200

0.7500	19.0500	54.203	4.5	54	72	90	225

0.8000	20.3200	57.816	4.8	56	79	96	240

0.8333	21.1667	60.225	5	60	80	100	250

0.8856	22.4934	64.000	5.3	64	85	106	266

0.9963	25.3051	72.000	5.9	72	96	120	299

1.0000	25.4001	72.270	6	72	96	120	300

1.3284	33.7401	96.000	8	96	128	159	399

1.5000	38.1001	108.405	9	108	144	180	450

1.9925	50.6102	144.000	12	143	191	239	598

2.0000	50.8001	144.540	12	144	192	240	600

2.5000	63.5000	180.675	15	180	240	300	750

3.0000	76.2000	216.810	18	216	288	360	900

3.5000	88.9000	252.945	21	252	336	420	1,050

3.9370	100.0000	284.528	23.6	283	378	472	1,181

4.0000	101.6002	289.080	24	288	394	480	1,200

Pica = 1/6 inch (0.166667)
Point = 0.013837 inch
Millimeter = 0.03937 inch


Hex, Bin, Dec Calculator
 Calculator

Hex	Bin	?000	0?00	00?0	000?

0	0000	0	0	0	0

1	0001	4096	256	16	1

2	0010	8192	512	32	2

3	0011	12288	768	48	3

4	0100	16384	1024	64	4

5	0101	20480	1280	80	5

6	0110	24576	1536	96	6

7	0111	28672	1792	112	7

8	1000	32768	2048	128	8

9	1001	36864	2304	144	9

A	1010	40960	2560	160	10

B	1011	45056	2816	176	11

C	1100	49152	3072	192	12

D	1101	53248	3328	208	13

E	1110	57344	3584	224	14

F	1111	61440	3840	240	15

Hexadecimal, Binary, Decimal calculator and converter.


Birthstone: Garnet

Flower: Carnation

French: Janvier

Spanish: Enero

German: Januar

Italian: Gennaio

Swedish: Januari


Birthstone: Amethyst

Flower: Violet

French: Fevrier

Spanish: Febrero

German: Februar

Italian: Febbraio

Swedish: Februari


Birthstone: Bloodstone or Aquamarine

Ancient Birthstone: Jasper

Flower: Daffodil

French: Mars

Spanish: Marzo

German: März

Italian: Marzo

Swedish: Mars


Birthstone: Diamond

Ancient Birthstone: Sapphire

Flower: Sweet Pea

French: Avril

Spanish: Abril

German: April

Italian: Aprile

Swedish: April


Birthstone: Emerald

Ancient Birthstone: Agate

Flower: Lilly of the Valley

French: Mai

Spanish: Mayo

German: Mai

Italian: Maggio

Swedish: Maj


Birthstone: Alexandrite, Moonstone, Pearl

Ancient Birthstone: Emerald

Flower: Rose

French: Juin

Spanish: Junio

German: Juni

Italian: Guigno

Swedish: Juni


Birthstone: Ruby

Ancient Birthstone: Onyx

Flower: Larkspur

French: Julliet (Juillet)

Spanish: Julio

German: Juli

Italian: Luglio

Swedish: Juli


Birthstone: Peridot or Sardonyx

Ancient Birthstone: Carnelian

Flower: Gladiolus

French: Août

Spanish: Agosto

German: August

Italian: Agosto

Swedish: Augusti


Birthstone: Sapphire

Ancient Birthstone: Chrysolite

Flower: Aster

French: Septembre

Spanish: Septiembre

German: September

Italian: Septtembre

Swedish: September


Birthstone: Opal, Tourmaline

Ancient Birthstone: Aquamarine

Flower: Calendula

French: Octobre

Spanish: Octubre

German: Oktober

Italian: Ottobre

Swedish: Oktober


Birthstone: Topaz

Flower: Chrysanthemum

French: Novembre

Spanish: Noviembre

German: November

Italian: Nobembre

Swedish: November


Birthstone: Turquoise, Zircon

Ancient Birthstone: Ruby

Flower: Narcissus

French: Décembre

Spanish: Diciembre

German: Dezember

Italian: Dicembre

Swedish: December


New Year's Day

Last Day of Kwanzaa


Nuzulul Qur'an (Islamic)


Epiphany (Christian, Spain)


Orthodox Christmas


Battle of New Orleans 1815, defeated British in War of 1812


Coming of Age Day (Christian)


Benjamin Franklin's Birthday 1706


Martin Luther King Jr. Day

Daniel Webster's Birthday 1782


Eidul Fiti (Islamic)


Australia Day (Australia)


Martin Luther King Jr. Birthday 1929

Franklin D. Roosevelt's Birthday 1882


Australia Day (Australia)

Triodon (Orthodox)


Freedom Day, 13th Amendment

Tu B'Shevat (Jewish)


Groundhog Day - If Punxsutawney Phil sees his shadow, 6 more weeks of winter.

Candlemas - Festival of Lights (Christian)


Constitution Day (Mexico)


Waitangi Day (New Zealand)


Boy Scout Day 1910


National Foundation Day (Japan)


Abraham Lincoln's Birthday


Valentine's Day


President's Day

Susan B. Anthony Day 1820

Family Day (Canada)


Mardi Gras, Shrove Tuesday

Chinese New Year - Year of the Hare


Ash Wednesday


George Washington's Birthday

Lent begins (Orthodox)


St. David's Day (Britain)


Purim (Jewish)


International Women's Day


Commonwealth Day (Canada)


Mothering Sunday (Britain, Ireland)


St. Patrick's Day


First Day of Spring


Benito Juarez' Birthday (Mexico)


Emancipation Day (Puerto Rico)


Prince Kahio Day (Hawaii)


Palm Sunday

Eidul Adha (Islamic)


Doctor's Day

Seward's Day - Purchase of Alaska in 1867


Transfer Day 1917 - Bought Virgin Islands from Denmark in 1917


Passover begins

April Fool's Day


Good Friday


Easter Sunday

Daylight savings begins at 2 A.M. (set clock ahead 1 hour)


Easter Monday (Christian)


Scottish Tartan Day


Buddha's Birthday (Japan, Korea)

Passover ends (Jewish)


Easter (Orthodox)


Yom Hashoah (Jewish)

Thomas Jefferson's Birthday 1743


Librarian Day


First of Muharram (Islamic)

Paul Revere's Ride 1775


Patriot's Day


John Muir Day

Secretaries Day


Earth Day

Daughters to Work Day

Israel Independence Day


St. George's Day (Britain)


Liberation Day (Italy)


Secretaries' Day


Greenery Day (Japan)


Arbor Day - Plant a tree, Bird Day


Labor Day, May Day (Britain, France, Germany, Italy)

Loyalty Day 1958

Lawyer's Day


Constitution Day (Japan)


National Teacher's Day

National Day (Japan)

Lag B'Omer (Jewish)


Cinco de Mayo (Mexico)

Children's Day (Japan)

May Day Bank Holiday (Britain, Ireland)


Ascension Day (Christian)

Nurse's Day


V-E Day (Victory in Europe) 1945

Armistice Day


Mother's Day


Jamestown Virginia Settled 1607


Armed Forces Day

Police Memorial Day


Victoria Day (Canada)

Armed Forces Day


Ascension Day (Christian, Orthodox)


Shavuot (Jewish)


Maritime Day 1819


The Day of Pentecost, Whit Sunday (Christian)

Memorial Day - Traditional


Victoria Day (Canada)


Memorial Day (observed on May 31)

Trinity Sunday (Christian)

Pentecost (Orthodox)


Memorial Day observed


D-Day


Queen's Birthday (Australia, Britain)


Kamehameha Day (Hawaii)


International Children's Day


Flag Day

Army Birthday


Juneteenth; African-American Emancipation Day


Father's Day


Battle of Little Big Horn MT 1876


Mawlid An-Nabi (Islamic)


Canada Day (Canada)


Independence Day


Bastille Day (France)

Orangeman's Day (N. Ireland)


Marine Day (Japan)


National Holiday (Japan)


Tisha B'Av (Jewish)


Parent's Day

Constitution Day (Puerto Rico)


Civic Holiday (Canada)

August Bank Holiday (Ireland)


August Bank Holiday (Ireland)


Friendship Day


Solar Total Eclipse: Europe, Middle East, India


World War II V-J Day 1945


Assumption Day (Christian)


Aviation Day

Orville Wright's Birthday 1871


Susan B. Anthony Day 1920


Summer Bank Holiday (Britain)


Cherokee National Holiday


Labor Day


Rosh Hashanah (Jewish)


Grandparent's Day


Respect for the Aged Day (Japan)


Mexican Independence Day

Cherokee Strip Day 1893 (Oklahoma)


Constitution Day

Citizenship Day


Oktoberfest begins, through October 5

Yom Kippur (Jewish)


Autumnal Equinox (23rd or 24th)


Native American Day


Sukkot begins (Jewish)


Confucius' Birthday

Teacher's Day (Taiwan)


Sukkot ends (Jewish)


Sh'mini Atzeret (Jewish)


National Day of Prayer

German National Day (Germany)

Simchat Torah (Jewish)


Fire Prevention Week

Chicago Fire Anniversary


Health-Sports Day (Japan)


Columbus Day observed

Thanksgiving Day (Canada)

Indigenous People's Day


Columbus Day

Hispanic Day (Spain)

Farmers' Day 1912


Sweetest Day

Boss's Day

World Food Day


World Hello Day - Say hello to 10 people


United Nations Day


Halloween (Ireland)

Mothers-in-law Day


Navy Day 1922


Halloween

Daylight savings ends at 2 A.M. (set clock back 1 hour)


All Saints Day (Christian)

Day of the Dead (Mexico)


All Souls Day (Christian)

Election Day


Culture Day (Japan)


Sadie Hawkin's Day


Veteran's Day

Armistice Day 1918


Shichi-Go-San 7-5-3 (Japan)


Repentance Day (Germany)


Great American Smoke-Out


Discovery Day (Puerto Rico) - Columbus landed in 1493


World Hello Day - Say hello to 10 people


Labor Thanksgiving Day (Japan)


National Holiday (Japan)


Thanksgiving Day


Buy Nothing Day


First Sunday of Advent (Christian)


St. Andrew's Day (Britain)


AIDS Awareness Day


Hanukkah (Jewish)


Constitution Day (Spain)


Pearl Harbor Day 1941


Day of The Immaculate Conception (Christian, Spain)


Nuzulul Qur'an (Islamic)


Human Rights Day


Chanukah ends (Jewish)


Guadalupe Day (Mexico)


St. Lucia Day (Sweden, Italy)


First Day of Winter


Emperor's Birthday (Japan)


Christmas Day

Nuzulul Qur'an (Islamic)


December 26- January 1 - Kwanzaa (Traditional African harvest festival)

Boxing Day (Canada)


Boxing Day (Britain, taly, Spain)


Wounded Knee Massacre SD 1890


New Year's Eve


 Calendar

Sun	Mon	Tue	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat

  January  1999

·	·	·	·	·	1	2

3	4	5	6	7	8	9

10	11	12	13	14	15	16

17	18	19	20	21	22	23

24	25	26	27	28	29	30

31	·	·	·	·	·	·

  February  1999

·	1	2	3	4	5	6

7	8	9	10	11	12	13

14	15	16	17	18	19	20

21	22	23	24	25	26	27

28	·	·	·	·	·	·

  March  1999

·	1	2	3	4	5	6

7	8	9	10	11	12	13

14	15	16	17	18	19	20

21	22	23	24	25	26	27

28	29	30	31	·	·	·

  April  1999

·	·	·	·	1	2	3

4	5	6	7	8	9	10

11	12	13	14	15	16	17

18	19	20	21	22	23	24

25	26	27	28	29	30	·

  May  1999

·	·	·	·	·	·	1

2	3	4	5	6	7	8

9	10	11	12	13	14	15

16	17	18	19	20	21	22

23	24	25	26	27	28	29

30	31	·	·	·	·	·

  June  1999

·	·	1	2	3	4	5

6	7	8	9	10	11	12

13	14	15	16	17	18	19

20	21	22	23	24	25	26

27	28	29	30	·	·	·

  July  1999

·	·	·	·	1	2	3

4	5	6	7	8	9	10

11	12	13	14	15	16	17

18	19	20	21	22	23	24

25	26	27	28	29	30	31

  August  1999

1	2	3	4	5	6	7

8	9	10	11	12	13	14

15	16	17	18	19	20	21

22	26	24	25	26	27	28

29	30	31	·	·	·	·

  September  1999

·	·	·	1	2	3	4

5	6	7	8	9	10	11

12	13	14	15	16	17	18

19	20	21	22	23	24	25

26	27	28	29	30	·	·

  October  1999

·	·	·	·	·	1	2

3	4	5	6	7	8	9

10	11	12	13	14	15	16

17	18	19	20	21	22	23

24	25	26	27	28	29	30

31	·	·	·	·	·	·

  November  1999

·	1	2	3	4	5	6

7	8	9	10	11	12	13

14	15	16	17	18	19	20

21	22	23	24	25	26	27

28	29	30	·	·	·	·

  December  1999

·	·	·	1	2	3	4

5	6	7	8	9	10	11

12	13	14	15	16	17	18

19	20	21	22	23	24	25

26	27	28	29	30	31	·

  January  2000

·	·	·	·	·	·	1

2	3	4	5	6	7	8

9	10	11	12	13	14	15

16	17	18	19	20	21	22

23	24	25	26	27	28	29

30	31	·	·	·	·	·

  February  2000

·	·	1	2	3	4	5

6	7	8	9	10	11	12

13	14	15	16	17	18	19

20	21	22	23	24	25	26

27	28	29	·	·	·	· 	leap year

  March  2000

·	·	·	1	2	3	4

5	6	7	8	9	10	11

12	13	14	15	16	17	18

19	20	21	22	23	24	25

26 	27	28	29	30	31	·

  April  2000

·	·	·	·	·	·	1

2	3	4	5	6	7	8

9	10	11	12	13	14	15

16	17	18	19	20	21	22

23	24	25	26	27	28	29

30	·	·	·	·	·	·

  May  2000

·	1	2	3	4	5	6

7	8	9	10	11	12	13

14	15	16	17	18	19	20

21	22	23	24	25	26	27

28	29	30	31	·	·	·

  June  2000

·	·	·	·	1	2	3

4	5	6	7	8	9	10

11	12	13	14	15	16	17

18	19	20	21	22	23	24

25	26	27	28	29	30	·

  July  2000

·	·	·	·	·	·	1

2	3	4	5	6	7	8

9	10	11	12	13	14	15

16	17	18	19	20	21	22

23	24	25	26	27	28	29

30	31	·	·	·	·	·

  August  2000

·	·	1	2	3	4	5

6	7	8	9	10	11	12

13	14	15	16	17	18	19

20	21	22	23	24	25	26

27	28	29	30	31	·	·

  September  2000

·	·	·	·	·	1	2

3	4	5	6	7	8	9

10	11	12	13	14	15	16

17	18	19	20	21	22	23

24	25	26	27	28	29	30

  October  2000

1	2	3	4	5	6	7

8	9	10	11	12	13	14

15	16	17	18	19	20	21

22	23	24	25	26	27	28

29	30	31	·	·	·	·

  November  2000

·	·	·	1	2	3	4

5	6	7	8	9	10	11

12	13	14	15	16	17	18

19	20	21	22	23	24	25

26	27	28	29	30	·	·

  December  2000

·	·	·	·	·	1	2

3	4	5	6	7	8	9

10	11	12	13	14	15	16

17	18	19	20	21	22	23

24	25	26	27	28	29	30

31	·	·	·	·	·	·

  January  2001

·	1	2	3	4	5	6

7	8	9	10	11	12	13

14	15	16	17	18	19	20

21	22	23	24	25	26	27

28	29	30	31	·	·	·

  February  2001

·	·	·	·	1	2	3

4	5	6	7	8	9	10

11	12	13	14	15	16	17

18	19	20	21	22	23	24

25	26	27	28	·	·	·

  March  2001

·	·	·	·	1	2	3

4	5	6	7	8	9	10

11	12	13	14	15	16	17

18	19	20	21	22	23	24

25	26	27	28	29	30	31

  April  2001

1	2	3	4	5	6	7

8	9	10	11	12	13	14

15	16	17	18	19	20	21

22	23	24	25	26	27	28

29	30	·	·	·	·	·

  May  2001

·	·	1	2	3	4	5

6	7	8	9	10	11	12

13	14	15	16	17	18	19

20	21	22	23	24	25	26

27	28	29	30	31	·	·

  June  2001

·	·	·	·	·	1	2

3	4	5	6	7	8	9

10	11	12	13	14	15	16

17	18	19	20	21	22	23

24	25	26	27	28	29	30

  July  2001

1	2	3	4	5	6	7

8	9	10	11	12	13	14

15	16	17	18	19	20	21

22	23	24	25	26	27	28

29	30	31	·	·	·	·

  August  2001

·	·	·	1	2	3	4

5	6	7	8	9	10	11

12	13	14	15	16	17	18

19	20	21	22	23	24	25

26	27	28	29	30	31	·

  September  2001

·	·	·	·	·	·	1

2	3	4	5	6	7	8

9	10	11	12	13	14	15

16	17	18	19	20	21	22

23	24	25	26	27	28	29

30	·	·	·	·	·	·

  October  2001

·	1	2	3	4	5	6

7	8	9	10	11	12	13

14	15	16	17	18	19	20

21	22	23	24	25	26	27

28	29	30	31	·	·	·

  November  2001

·	·	·	·	1	2	3

4	5	6	7	8	9	10

11	12	13	14	15	16	17

18	19	20	21	22	23	24

25	26	27	28	29	30	·

  December  2001

·	·	·	·	·	·	1

2	3	4	5	6	7	8

9	10	11	12	13	14	15

16	17	18	19	20	21	22

23	24	25	26	27	28	29

30	31	·	·	·	·	·

  January  2002

·	·	1	2	3	4	5

6	7	8	9	10	11	12

13	14	15	16	17	18	19

20	21	22	23	24	25	26

27	28	29	30	31	·	·

  February  2002

·	·	·	·	·	1	2

3	4	5	6	7	8	9

10	11	12	13	14	15	16

17	18	19	20	21	22	23

24	25	26	28	28	·	·

  March  2002

·	·	·	·	·	1	2

3	4	5	6	7	8	9

10	11	12	13	14	15	16

17	18	19	20	21	22	23

24	25	26	28	28	29	30

31	·	·	·	·	·	·

  April  2002

·	1	2	3	4	5	6

7	8	9	10	11	12	13

14	15	16	17	18	19	20

21	22	23	24	25	26	27

28	29	30	·	·	·	·

  May  2002

·	·	·	1	2	3	4

5	6	7	8	9	10	11

12	13	14	15	16	17	18

19	20	21	22	23	24	25

26	27	28	29	30	31	·

  June  2002

·	·	·	·	·	·	1

2	3	4	5	6	7	8

9	10	11	12	13	14	15

16	17	18	19	20	21	22

23	24	25	26	27	28	29

30	·	·	·	·	·	·

  July  2002

·	1	2	3	4	5	6

7	8	9	10	11	12	13

14	15	16	17	18	19	20

21	22	23	24	25	26	27

28	29	30	31	·	·	·

  August  2002

·	·	·	·	1	2	3

4	5	6	7	8	9	10

11	12	13	14	15	16	17

18	19	20	21	22	23	24

25	26	27	28	29	30	31

  September  2002

1	2	3	4	5	6	7

8	9	10	11	12	13	14

15	16	17	18	19	20	21

22	23	24	25	26	27	28

29	30	·	·	·	·	·

  October  2002

·	·	1	2	3	4	5

6	7	8	9	10	11	12

13	14	15	16	17	18	19

20	21	22	23	24	25	26

27	28	29	30	31	·	·

  November  2002

·	·	·	·	·	1	2

3	4	5	6	7	8	9

10	11	12	13	14	15	16

17	18	19	20	21	22	23

24	25	26	27	28	29	30

  December  2002

1	2	3	4	5	6	7

8	9	10	11	12	13	14

15	16	17	18	19	20	21

22	23	24	25	26	27	28

29	30	31	·	·	·	·

  January  2003

·	·	·	1	2	3	4

5	6	7	8	9	10	11

12	13	14	15	16	17	18

19	20	21	22	23	24	25

26	27	28	29	30	31	·

  February  2003

·	·	·	·	·	·	1

2	3	4	5	6	7	8

9	10	11	12	13	14	15

16	17	18	19	20	21	22

23	24	25	26	27	28	·

  March  2003

·	·	·	·	·	·	1

2	3	4	5	6	7	8

9	10	11	12	13	14	15

16	17	18	19	20	21	22

23	24	25	26	27	28	29

30	31	·	·	·	·	·

  April  2003

·	·	1	2	3	4	5

6	7	8	9	10	11	12

13	14	15	16	17	18	19

20	21	22	23	24	25	26

27	28	29	30	·	·	·

  May  2003

·	·	·	·	1	2	3

4	5	6	7	8	9	10

11	12	13	14	15	16	17

18	19	20	21	22	23	24

25	26	27	28	29	30	31

  June  2003

1	2	3	4	5	6	7

8	9	10	11	12	13	14

15	16	17	18	19	20	21

22	23	24	25	26	27	28

29	30	·	·	·	·	·

  July  2003

·	·	1	2	3	4	5

6	7	8	9	10	11	12

13	14	15	16	17	18	19

20	21	22	23	24	25	26

27	28	29	30	31	·	·

  August  2003

·	·	·	·	·	1	2

3	4	5	6	7	8	9

10	11	12	13	14	15	16

17	18	19	20	21	22	23

24	25	26	27	28	29	30

31	·	·	·	·	·	·

  September  2003

·	1	2	3	4	5	6

7	8	9	10	11	12	13

14	15	16	17	18	19	20

21	22	23	24	25	26	27

28	29	30	·	·	·	·

  October  2003

·	·	·	1	2	3	4

5	6	7	8	9	10	11

12	13	14	15	16	17	18

19	20	21	22	23	24	25

26	27	28	29	30	31	·

  November  2003

·	·	·	·	·	·	1

2	3	4	5	6	7	8

9	10	11	12	13	14	15

16	17	18	19	20	21	22

23	24	25	26	27	28	29

30	·	·	·	·	·	·

  December  2003

·	1	2	3	4	5	6

7	8	9	10	11	12	13

14	15	16	17	18	19	20

21	22	23	24	25	26	27

28	29	30	31	·	·	·


 Windows Colors

Named colors are pure. Other colors look correct in all color modes, with smooth 2-color dithering in 16-color VGA. The final three colors are pure screen colors in 256-color modes, not for drawings. For Web-safe colors, see HTMLcat.


 DOS Colors

I	R	G	B	Dec	Hex	Background	Foreground

0	0	0	0	0	0	Black	Black

0	0	0	1	1	1	Blue	Blue

0	0	1	0	2	2	Green	Green

0	0	1	1	3	3	Cyan	Cyan

0	1	0	0	4	4	Red	Red

0	1	0	1	5	5	Magenta	Magenta

0	1	1	0	6	6	Brown	Brown

0	1	1	1	7	7	White / lt. gray	White / lt. gray

1	0	0	0	8	8	Dark gray	Black blink

1	0	0	1	9	9	Light blue	Blue blink

1	0	1	0	10	A	Light green	Green blink

1	0	1	1	11	B	Light cyan	Cyan blink

1	1	0	0	12	C	Light red	Red blink

1	1	0	1	13	D	Light magenta	Magenta blink

1	1	1	0	14	E	Yellow	Brown blink

1	1	1	1	15	F	Bright white	White blink

I = Intensity bit, R = Red bit, G = Green bit, B = Blue bit


Cap-line | Cap-height
The top of a capital letter. Some symbols rise above the cap-height, which affects the point size of the font. The height of the font is the point size, plus spacing between lines.


Ascender
The part of a lowercase character that rises above the x-line. Characters with ascenders include b, d, f, h, k, l and t.


Arm
A horizontal stroke, such as the top bar in uppercase "T". Uppercase "E" has three arms.


Eye
The enclosed portion of the lowercase "e" character.


x-height | Mean Line
The height of a lowercase x character above the baseline. The relationship between the x-height and the top of the letter (cap-line) affects readability. At larger sizes, a low x-height is attractive. At small font sizes, a large x-height makes fonts more readable.


Stroke
A line drawn to form a font.  We often refer to stroke thickness as the weight of the font.


x-line
Marks the x-height at the top of lowercase characters. The x-height is said to be at the top of the lowercase x character; some lowercase characters extend above this line.


Baseline
The horizontal line at the bottom of the font where the base of the text rests.


Counter
Enclosed segment of a character.


Bowl
The rounded segment of a character.


Loop | Tail
Descender portion of lowercase "g" character. The terminating stroke of uppercase "R" is often also called the Tail. The end of a stroke is often called the terminal.


Descender
The portion of a lowercase character that extends below the baseline.


Serif
Small strokes at the end of strokes on seriffed fonts. Fonts without serifs are called sans-serif. The end of a stroke is often called a Terminal.


Ear
A portion of lowercase "g" that extends above the baseline away from the character. Found in "g", but not "g".


Fonts and Pixels
 Pixels and Points

Line weights, in pixels

On-screen pixels

Dimensions are for VGA with small fonts.


 Screen Ruler

Measurements are screen-dependent. The operating system may scale these vector drawings to approximate true measurements. VGA resolution (small-fonts) is usually considered to be 96 pixels per inch; 8514 resolution (large fonts) is approximately 120 pixels per inch.


 Paper Sizes

Metric	 	Inches
Width	Height	Width	Height	Paper type

·	·	8.50	11.00	A (American)

·	·	11.00	17.00	B

·	·	17.00	22.00	C

·	·	22.00	34.00	D

·	·	34.00	44.00	E

104.7	241.3	4.125	9.50	Com 10

190.5	266.7	7.25	10.50	Executive

·	·	14.875	11.00	Fanfold

215.90	330.20	8.50	13.00	Folio

·	·	8.50	12.00	German standard fanfold

·	·	17.00	11.00	Ledger

215.9	355.6	8.50	14.00	Legal

·	·	9.50	15.00	Legal extra

215.90	279.40	8.50	11.00	Letter

·	·	9.50	12.00	Letter extra

·	·	8.50	12.66	Letter plus

98.4	190.5	3.875	7.50	Monarch

215	275	·	·	Quarto

·	·	5.50	8.50	Statement

·	·	11.00	17.00	Tabloid

·	 ·	11.66	18.00	Tabloid extra

841	1189	·	·	A0

594	841	·	·	A1

420	594	·	·	A2

297	420	·	·	A3

322	445	·	·	A3 extra

210	297	·	·	A4

236	322	·	·	A4 extra

210	330	·	·	A4 plus

210	297	·	·	A4 small

148	210	·	·	A5

174	235	·	·	A5 extra

105	148	·	·	A6

74	105	·	·	A7

52	74	·	·	A8

37	52	·	·	A9

26	37	·	·	A10

18	26	·	·	A11

13	18	·	·	A12

99	210	·	·	1/3 A4

74	210	·	·	1/4 A4

13	74	·	·	1/8 A4

1000	1414	·	·	B0

707	1000	·	·	B1

500	707	·	·	B2

353	500	·	·	B3

250	353	·	·	B4

176	250	·	·	B5

201	276	·	·	B5 extra

125	176	·	·	B6

88	125	·	·	B7

62	88	·	·	B8

44	62	·	·	B9

31	44	·	·	B10

162	229	·	·	C5

200	210	·	·	1/6 Deutsche Industrie Norm

74	105	·	·	A7 envelope

74	148	·	·	A7/A6 envelope

250	353	·	·	B4 envelope

176	250	·	·	B5 envelope

125	176	·	·	B6 envelope

125	229	·	·	B6/C4 envelope

136	353	·	·	1/2 B4 envelope

484	324	·	·	C3 envelope

229	324	·	·	C4 envelope

162	229	·	·	C5 envelope

114	162	·	·	C6 envelope

114	229	·	·	C65 envelope

81	114	·	·	C7 envelope

81	162	·	·	C7/C6 envelope

125	324	·	·	1/2 C4 envelope

110	220	·	·	DL envelope

110	220	·	·	Deutsche Industrie Norm Lang envelope

310	220	·	·	E4 envelope

220	115	·	·	E5 envelope

110	156	·	·	E6 envelope

110	220	·	·	E65 envelope

155	400	·	·	1/2 E4 envelope

104	160	·	·	Hungarian Air Mail envelope

220	220	·	·	Invitation envelope

155	220	·	·	M5 envelope

110	155	·	·	M6 envelope

110	220	·	·	M65 envelope

·	·	3.875	7.50	Monarch envelope

187	122	·	·	Russian Greetings 1 envelope

·	·	3.625	6.50	Size 6 3/4 envelope

·	·	3.575	8.875	Size 9 envelope

·	·	4.125	9.50	Size 10 envelope

·	·	4.50	10.375	Size 11 envelope

·	·	4.75	11.00	Size 12 envelope

·	·	5.00	11.50	Size 14 envelope


Commonly Misspelled Words
 Words

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

 A

aardwolf

abscess

accentuate

accept (receive, admit) | except (exclude)

accessible

accessory

accidentally

accommodate

accompany

accounts receivable

accrue

acknowledge, acknowledgment

acquaintance, acquainted

acquire

acronym

Ada

adapter

address

ad-lib (ad libitum)

administrate, administrator

affect (bring about) | effect (result)

affidavit (written, notarized declaration)

afterward (not afterwards)

aggravate (worsen) | annoy (irritate)

AI (Artificial Intelligence)

aisle (passageway) | isle (island)

algebraic

algorithm

aloud (voice orally) | allowed (permitted)

all right

allege

allude (indirect reference) | elude (evade), allusion | elusion

a lot (large amount) | allot (distribute or assign)

alphanumeric

already

ALT (key)

alternate (a substitute) | alternative (a choice)

A.M. (morning; ante meridiem)

amateur

amend, amendment

among (with) | between (separating)

ampersand (&)

analogous

ANSI (American National Standards Institute)

Antarctic

antecedent

anthropomorphic, anthropomorphism

anybody (any person) | any body (a body)

anyone (like anybody) | any one (any single thing)

anyway (not anyways)

AOL (America Online)

API (Application Programming Interface)

apostrophe

apparent

appearance

appendix

appropriate

arctic

argument (passed to a function) | parameter

Arkansas

arithmetic

Armageddon

Aspartame (artificial sweetener)

asterisk ("*" writing) | star (computing)

asthma

athletic

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

attaché

ATM

attendance

attorney

auxiliary

awhile (adverb: stay for awhile) | a while (stay a while)

axis, axes (plural)

 B

b (bit) | B (byte)

Babbage

background

backslash (the "\" character; the "/" character is slash)

backspace (on the keyboard)

backward (not backwards)

banana

bargain

Basic (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code — an acronym that isn't capitalized!)

baud

bazaar (market) | bizarre (manner)

BBC (British Broadcasting Company)

BBS (Bulletin Board System)

BCD (Binary Coded Decimal)

beginning

believe

benign

beside (next to) | besides (in addition)

between (separating) | among (with)

Bézier

biscuit

bitmap

bite | byte (8-bits)

bizarre

blasé

boilerplate

bookkeeper

Boolean

BPS (Bits Per Second)

briefcase

Braille

browse, browser

Btu (British thermal unit)

buoyant

bureau, bureaus

burglar

business

 C

C (temperature; Celsius, centigrade)

cache (storage) | cash ($)

CAD (Computer Aided Design) | CADD (Computer Aided Design and Drafting)

caffeine

calendar

cancel, canceled, cancellation

canapé

cantaloupe

capital (a city or money) | capitol (a building)

cardinal

caret (^ symbol) | carat (weight of jewels) | karat (gold fineness)

carriage return

cascade, cascading

Cassiopeia

catalog

caterpillar

CD (Compact Disc)

CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read-only Memory)

ceiling

cellar

cemetery

centimeter

cereal (grain) | serial (a series)

chagrin

chamois

champagne

chandelier

changeable

chaperon

character

chauffeur

Chernobyl

chief

chocolate

chromosome

cinnamon

circuit

circumference

CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States; formerly USSR)

CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)

client

COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)

cocoa

Codepage

collapse

colloquial, colloquialism

colonel (rank) | kernel (seed)

column, columnar

commendable

commitment

committee

Compaq

compliment (praise) | complement (make whole)

commodity

concede

conceive

Connecticut

conscientious

conscious

consensus

consignment

contiguous

convenience, convenient

corduroy

cornucopia

correspondent

cough

counterfeit

CPU (Central Processing Unit), CPUs (plural)

criteria (plural), criterion (singular)

CRT (Cathode-ray Tube)

CTRL (key)

cubicle

cursor (input) | pointer (mouse)

CY (calendar year)

 D

dash (the "-" character)

DAT (Digital Audio Tape)

database

dc (direct current) | DC (District of Columbia)

debonair

debt (owe) | debit (account)

debug

deceive

decrement

deference (respect) | difference (unlike)

definite

dependent

describe, description

descriptor

design

desirable

desktop

despair

desperate, desperately

dessert (sweet) | desert (abandon, desolate area)

device (tool) | devise (plan)

dialog

diaphragm

diarrhea

dash (computing) | hyphen (writing)

dictionary

Dilbert

dingbat

disappear

disappoint

disc (CD) | disk (hard or floppy)

discreet (restrained)

discrete (separate parts)

disinterested (impartial) | uninterested (not interested)

disparate

dispel

dissatisfied

DLL (Dynamic Link Library)

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

DOS (Disk Operating System)

dot (computing) | period (writing) | point (accounting)

download

DVD-ROM

 E

EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)

ecstatic, excited

effect (result) | affect (bring about)

effervescent

e.g. (for example; exempli gratia)

eighth

eliminate

ellipsis | ellipse

elude (evade) | allude (indirect reference), elusion | allusion

e-mail

embarrass

embezzle

em dash (the "—" character)

emoticon (ASCII symbols used in e-mail, such as :-)

emphasize

emulsion (one liquid in another) | suspension (solid particles in a liquid)

en dash (the "–" character; 1/2 em-dash)

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator)

ensure (make sure) | insure (insurance)

entity

entropy

environment, environmental, environmentally

EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)

equation

equipped

erroneous

esophagus

especially (particularly) | specially (exceptional)

et al. (and others; abbreviation for et alii)

etc. (et cetera)

etiquette

EU (European Union)

euro (European currency [image])

every day (recurring) | everyday (ordinary)

everyone (every person) | every one (every thing)

exaggerate

exceed

excel

except (exclude) | accept (receive, admit)

existence

expense

 F

facsimile

familiar

Fahrenheit

farther (about distance) | further (time or quantity)

fascinate, fascinating

fatigue

fax (facsimile)

February

fewer than (number) | less than (quantity)

fiancée (female) | fiancé (male)

filigree

file name (name) | filename (placeholder)

finally

financier

fixed-pitch (font)

flammable

fluorine, fluoride

f.o.b. (free on board)

foreclosure

foreground

forehead

foreign

foreword (book preface) | forward (direction)

formerly (earlier) | formally (formal)

forth (onward) | fourth (4th)

Fortran (Formula Translation)

forward (not forwards)

forward slash ("/" character)

forty

ft. (foot)

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

Fractal

fragile

freight

Freon

fuse (not fuze)

FYROM (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia)

 G

gal. (gallon)

garçon (French waiter)

gateway

gauge

Gb (gigabit) | GB (gigabyte)

GHz (gigahertz)

GIMPS (Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search)

glacier

glamorize, glamour

glyph

good | well (I am well, chocolate is good)

gorilla (an ape) | guerrilla (paramilitary)

got (past tense of get; come into possession of) | have (possess)

government

grammar

gray

grease

guarantee

guess

guest

GUI (Graphical User Interface)

 H

handheld

handkerchief

hardware

harass

height

heir

Heisenberg (Uncertainty Principle)

hemorrhage

hexadecimal

highlight

hierarchy, hierarchical

hopeful, hopefully

hr (hour)

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

humorous

hurrying

hygiene

hypertext

hyphen, hyphenate (dash is more common than hyphen)

hypocrisy

hypothesis

 I

idol (object of worship) | idle (not busy)

i. e. (that is; id est)

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.)

illustration

imply (suggest) | infer (deduce)

incidentally

incite (provoke) | insight (discerning)

increment

independent, independence

index, indexes, indices

indict

indispensable

infinitesimal

in lieu of

inline (not hyphenated)

inoculate

insure (insurance) | ensure (make sure)

Intel

intelligent

interactive

Internet (always capitalized)

Intranet (internal Internet)

I/O (input/output)

IQ (Intelligence Quotient)

irresistible

ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)

ISO (International Organization for Standardization)

isthmus

its (possessive) | it's (it is)

 J

Jacquard (loom or fabric)

jalapeño

jargon

joystick

judgment

justified

 K

K (kilobyte) | k (kilobit)

kamikaze

karat (gold fineness) | caret (^ symbol) | carat (weight of jewels)

karate

KB (kilobyte) | Kb (kilobit)

kernel (seed) | colonel (rank)

(Brian) Kernighan and (Dennis) Ritchie

keyboard

keystroke

keyword

kg (kilogram)

khaki

kHz (kilohertz)

kilobit (Kb) | kilobyte (KB)

kilohertz (kHz)

kluge (not kludge)

km (kilometer)

kW (kilowatt)

kWh (kilowatt-hour)

 L

labeled

laboratory

LAN (Local Area Network)

laptop

larynx

laugh

laying (placing) | lying (reclining)

lb. (pound; Libra)

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

LED (Light-emitting Diode)

league

lectern (a stand or desk) | podium (a platform)

less than (quantity or volume) | fewer than (number)

libel (false writing) | slander (verbal false statements)

library

license

licorice

lightning (flash of light) | lightening (making less heavy)

Linotype

Linux

Linus Torvalds

liquefy

literature

localize, localization

lose (mislay) | loose (not tight)

Lovelace (Agusta Ada)

lowercase

 M

m (meter)

Machiavellian

Macintosh

maintain, maintenance

mainframe

malign

manage, management

maneuver

manual

marquee

marriage

MASM (Macro Assembler)

Massachusetts

mathematical, mathematics

matrix, matrices

mattress

Mb (megabit) | MB (megabyte)

measurement

megabyte

megahertz

medieval

memento

mfg. (manufacture)

MHz (megahertz)

mi. (mile)

microcomputer

microprocessor

millennium

MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)

miniature

minicomputer

minuscule

mischief

Miss | Ms (no dot following Ms)

missionary

Mississippi

misspell, misspelled

misstate

mm (millimeter)

mnemonic

molasses

Mothers-in-law

monospace (fixed-pitch font)

mortgage

mosquito, mosquitoes

motherboard

movable

Mr., Mrs.

MS-DOS

multimedia

multitasking

multithread

myself

mysterious

 N

n (a number, usually in italic type)

N/A (not available; not applicable)

NaN (Not a Number)

nanosecond

NCSA (National Center for Supercomputing Applications)

necessary

neighbor

network, networking

niece

notary, notarized

notebook

noticeable

ns (nanosecond) | n/s (not sufficient)

nuisance

null (without value) | NUL (ASCII character 0)

numeric, numerical

 O

obedience

object-oriented

occasion

occur, occurred

o'clock

OCR (Optical Character Recognition)

odyssey

offense

okay (instead of OK)

omitted

online

on-screen

OOP (Object-oriented Programming)

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

opportunity

optimistic

ordinal (number in a series)

output

over (position) | more than (quantity)

oz. (ounce)

 P

palette

palmtop

parallel, parallelism, parallelogram

parameter | argument (passed to a function)

parentheses (plural), parenthesis (singular)

parliament

Pascal

passé

patients (more than one patient) | patience (being patient)

PC (Personal Computer)

PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association)

Pennsylvania

percent, percentage

performance

period (writing) | point (accounting) | dot (computing)

permanent

peripheral

personal (private) | personnel (members)

phenomenal, phenomenon

physician

pixel (picture element)

plaid

pneumonia

podium (a platform) | lectern (a stand or desk)

pointer (mouse) | cursor (input)

politically

pop-up

porcelain

portable

possess

potato, potatoes

P.M. (afternoon; post meridiem)

prairie

precede (come before) | proceed (go forward)

preceding

prefer, preferred

principle (truth) | principal (person)

privilege

probable, probably

procedure

property, properties

protégé

pseudonym

psychology

punctuation

pt. (pint | point)

ptomaine

 Q

quango (Quasi Non-Governmental Organization)

qt. (quart)

quiet (silent) | quite (completely)

 R

radix

RAM (Random Access Memory)

rarefy

raspberry

raster

receipt

receive

recess

recognize, recognition

recto (right) | verso (left)

recurring (not reoccurring)

recycle

reference

register, registry

remittance

rendezvous

repellent

repentance

reservoir

resume (continue again) | résumé (summary)

reverence, reverent

RGB (red-green-blue)

rhythm

ridiculous

RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)

ROM (Read Only Memory)

rpm (revolutions per minute)

RPN (Reverse Polish Notation)

run-time (hyphenated)

 S

sacrilege, sacrilegious

sandwich

sauté

S. A. S. E. (self-addressed stamped envelope)

satire (irony) | satyr (woodland creature)

scalable (rarely scaleable)

scenario

schematic

scissors

SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface)

SDK (Software Development Kit)

secretary

seize

semicolon

semiconductor

separately

serial (a series) | cereal (grain)

SHIFT (key)

shortcut (not hyphenated)

siege

sieve

silicon (a silica used in chips) | silicone (a polymer goo)

similar

sincerely

slander (verbal false statements) | libel (false writing)

slash (the "/" forward slash character; backslash is "\")

smiley (emoticon for :-)

soliloquy

spaghetti

special

specially (exceptional) | especially (particularly)

specification

spreadsheet

sprite (not spright)

squirrel

star (computing) | asterisk ("*" writing)

stationary (stopped) | stationery (paper)

strafe

straight (not curved) | strait (channel, position)

strengthen

stylus

Styrofoam

subheading (not hyphenated)

succeed, success

suit (clothes) | suite (group)

superintendent

supersede

susceptible

suspension (solid particles in a liquid) | emulsion (one liquid in another)

SVGA (Super VGA; 800x600 pixels)

SXGA (Super XGA; 1280x1024 pixels)

syntactic, syntactical

syringe

 T

tariff

temperance

tenacious

tenant (renter) | tenet (opinion, principle)

Terabyte

than | then

that (restrictive, dependent clause) | which (independent clause)

their (possessive) | there | they're (they are)

threshold

till (plow or drawer) | 'til (until)

TNT

to (direction) | too (also) | two (2)

toggle

tomato, tomatoes

tortuous (winding or twisting) | torturous (painful)

touché

toward (not towards)

trackball (not hyphenated)

trademark

tragedy

transferred

thunk (call between incompatible systems, not past tense of think)

troubleshoot, troubleshooting

truly

Tuesday

TVM

twip (typographic measurement, 1/1440-inch)

typographical

 U

UFO (Unidentified Flying Object)

UHF (Ultra High Frequency)

UNC (Universal Naming Convention)

underscore (the "_" character)

underwear

undo (never undos)

uninterested (not interested) | disinterested (impartial)

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)

UNIX

UPC (Universal Product Code)

update

uppercase (not hyphenated)

usable (rarely useable)

USB (Universal Serial Bus)

useful

usually

UV (ultraviolet)

 V

vaccinate

vacuum

Velcro

verso (left) | recto (right)

vestibule

VGA (Video Graphics Array, 640x480 pixels)

VHF (Very High Frequency)

villain

vinegar

virtual, virtualize

vs. (versus)

 W

warrant

warranty (the agreement) | warrantee (the person)

Wednesday

weasel

Web (Internet)

weird

well | good (I am well, chocolate is good)

which (independent clause) | that (restrictive, dependent clause)

white space (only hyphenate as an adjective)

wholly

whose (possessive) | who's (who is)

withhold

wizard

word processor (two words, hyphenate if adjective)

workgroup

worksheet

workspace

workstation

WWW (World-Wide Web)

WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get)

 X

x (a placeholder, usually in italic type)

Xanadu

x-axis

XGA (video resolution 1024x768 pixels)

XON/XOF

 Y

y-axis

yolk

your (possessive) | you're (you are)

yourself

 Z

z-axis

zeros (not zeroes)

ZIP (postal Zone Improvement Plan) | Zip (file compression or Iomega disk)

This list contains misspelled, incorrectly-hyphenated, confused, misused, and incorrectly-capitalized words.


Elements of Style
 The Elements of Style

by William Strunk, Jr.

I.	INTRODUCTORY

•	Title

•	This book is intended...

•	Acknowledgments

•	Some writers disregard the rules

II.	ELEMENTARY RULES OF USAGE

1	Form the possessive singular of nouns with 's

•	Exceptions

2	In a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction, use a comma after each term except the last

3	Enclose parenthetic expressions between commas

•	Non-restrictive relative clauses

•	Restrictive relative clauses

4	Place a comma before and or but introducing an independent clause

•	Subordinate clauses

•	Independent clauses

5	Do not join independent clauses by a comma

•	Conjunctions

6	Do not break sentences in two

•	Emphatic sentences

7	A participial phrase at the beginning of a sentence must refer to the grammatical subject

•	Preceded by a conjunction or preposition

8	Divide words at line-ends, in accordance with their formation and pronunciation

•	Vowels

•	Double letters

•	Consonants

III.	ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITION

9	Make the paragraph the unit of composition: one paragraph to each topic

•	Short notice or poem

•	Report on a poem

•	Novel or historical event

•	Rules

10	As a rule, begin each paragraph with a topic sentence; end it in conformity with the beginning

•	Part of a larger composition

•	Narration

11	Use the active voice

•	Exceptions

•	Forcible writing

•	Avoid making one passive depend directly upon another

•	Don't use the subject of a passive construction to express action

12	Put statements in positive form

•	As a rule, it is better to express a negative in positive form

13.	Omit needless words

•	Common violations

•	The fact that

•	Who is, which was, and the like

14	Avoid a succession of loose sentences

•	Recast sentences to remove monotony

15.	Express co-ordinate ideas in similar form

•	Articles and prepositions

•	Correlative expressions

16	Keep related words together

•	Relative pronouns

•	Antecedents

•	Nouns in apposition

17	In summaries, keep to one tense

•	Summarizing

18	Place the emphatic words of a sentence at the end

•	Periodic sentences

•	Subject at the beginning

IV.	A FEW MATTERS OF FORM

•	Headings

•	Numerals

•	Parentheses

•	Quotations

•	Quotations of an entire line

•	References

•	Titles

V.	WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS COMMONLY MISUSED

•	Words

VI.	WORDS COMMONLY MISSPELLED

•	Words


The Elements of Style
by William Strunk, Jr.

Copyright 1918 By William Strunk, Jr.
Professor of English, Cornell University

William Strunk, Jr., 1869-1946

Privately printed in Ithaca, N. Y.
Press of W. P. Humphrey, Geneva, N. Y.

Click a topic to see the information in a pop-up window.


I INTRODUCTORY.

This book is intended for use in English courses in which the practice of composition is combined with the study of literature. It aims to give in brief space the principal requirements of plain English style. It aims to lighten the task of instructor and student by concentrating attention (in Chapters II and III) on a few essentials, the rules of usage and principles of composition most commonly violated. The numbers of the sections may be used as references in correcting manuscript.

The book covers only a small portion of the field of English style, but the experience of its writer has been that once past the essentials, students profit most by individual instruction based on the problems of their own work, and that each instructor has his own body of theory, which he prefers to that offered by any textbook.

The writer's colleagues in the Department of English in Cornell University have greatly helped him in the preparation of his manuscript. Mr. George McLane Wood has kindly consented to the inclusion under Rule 11 of some material from his Suggestions to Authors.

More...


The following books are recommended for reference or further study: in connection with Chapters II and IV, F. Howard Collins, Author and Printer (Henry Frowde); Chicago University Press, Manual of Style; T. L. De Vinne Correct Composition (The Century Company); Horace Hart, Rules for Compositors and Printers (Oxford University Press); George McLane Wood, Extracts from the Style-Book of the Government Printing Office (United States Geological Survey); in connection with Chapters III and V, Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch, The Art of Writing (Putnams), especially the chapter, Interlude on Jargon; George McLane Wood, Suggestions to Authors (United States Geological Survey); John Leslie Hall, English Usage (Scott, Foresman and Co.); James P. Kelly, Workmanship in Words (Little, Brown and Co.).

More...


It is an old observation that the best writers sometimes disregard the rules of rhetoric. When they do so, however, the reader will usually find in the sentence some compensating merit, attained at the cost of the violation. Unless he is certain of doing as well, he will probably do best to follow the rules. After he has learned, by their guidance, to write plain English adequate for everyday uses, let him look, for the secrets of style, to the study of the masters of literature.


1 Form the possessive singular of nouns with 's.

Follow this rule whatever the final consonant. Thus write,

Charles's friend

Burns's poems

the witch's malice

This is the usage of the United States Government Printing Office and of the Oxford University Press.

More...


Exceptions are the possessives of ancient proper names in -es and -is, the possessive Jesus', and such forms as for conscience' sake, for righteousness' sake. But such forms as Achilles' heel, Moses' laws, Isis' temple are commonly replaced by

the heel of Achilles

the laws of Moses

the temple of Isis

The pronominal possessives hers, its, theirs, yours, and oneself have no apostrophe.


2 In a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction, use a comma after each term except the last.

Thus write,

red, white, and blue

honest, energetic, but headstrong

He opened the letter, read it, and made a note of its contents.

This is also the usage of the Government Printing Office and of the Oxford University Press.

In the names of business firms the last comma is omitted, as

Brown, Shipley and Company

The abbreviation etc., even if only a single term comes before it, is always preceded by a comma.


3 Enclose parenthetic expressions between commas.

The best way to see a country, unless you are pressed for time, is to travel on foot.

This rule is difficult to apply; it is frequently hard to decide whether a single word, such as however, or a brief phrase, is or is not parenthetic. If the interruption to the flow of the sentence is but slight, the writer may safely omit the commas. But whether the interruption be slight or considerable, he must never omit one comma and leave the other. Such punctuation as

Marjorie's husband, Colonel Nelson paid us a visit yesterday,

or

My brother you will be pleased to hear, is now in perfect health,

is indefensible.

More...


Non-restrictive relative clauses are, in accordance with this rule, set off by commas.

The audience, which had at first been indifferent, became more and more interested.

Similar clauses introduced by where and when are similarly punctuated.

In 1769, when Napoleon was born, Corsica had but recently been acquired by France.

Nether Stowey, where Coleridge wrote The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, is a few miles from Bridgewater.

In these sentences the clauses introduced by which, when, and where are non-restrictive; they do not limit the application of the words on which they depend, but add, parenthetically, statements supplementing those in the principal clauses. Each sentence is a combination of two statements which might have been made independently.

The audience was at first indifferent. Later it became more and more interested.

Napoleon was born in 1769. At that time Corsica had but recently been acquired by France.

Coleridge wrote The Rime of the Ancient Mariner at Nether Stowey. Nether Stowey is only a few miles from Bridgewater.


Restrictive relative clauses are not set off by commas.

The candidate who best meets these requirements will obtain the place.

In this sentence the relative clause restricts the application of the word candidate to a single person. Unlike those above, the sentence cannot be split into two independent statements.

The abbreviations etc. and jr. are always preceded by a comma, and except at the end of a sentence, followed by one.

Similar in principle to the enclosing of parenthetic expressions between commas is the setting off by commas of phrases or dependent clauses preceding or following the main clause of a sentence. The sentences quoted in this section and under Rules 4, 5, 6,  7, 16, and 18 should afford sufficient guidance.

If a parenthetic expression is preceded by a conjunction, place the first comma before the conjunction, not after it.

He saw us coming, and unaware that we had learned of his treachery, greeted us with a smile.


4 Place a comma before and or but introducing an independent clause.

The early records of the city have disappeared, and the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed.

The situation is perilous, but there is still one chance of escape.

Sentences of this type, isolated from their context, may seem to be in need of rewriting. As they make complete sense when the comma is reached, the second clause has the appearance of an after-thought. Further, and, is the least specific of connectives. Used between independent clauses, it indicates only that a relation exists between them without defining that relation. In the example above, the relation is that of cause and result. The two sentences might be rewritten:

As the early records of the city have disappeared, the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed.

Although the situation is perilous, there is still one chance of escape.

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Or the subordinate clauses might be replaced by phrases:

Owing to the disappearance of the early records of the city, the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed.

In this perilous situation, there is still one chance of escape.

But a writer may err by making his sentences too uniformly compact and periodic, and an occasional loose sentence prevents the style from becoming too formal and gives the reader a certain relief. Consequently, loose sentences of the type first quoted are common in easy, unstudied writing. But a writer should be careful not to construct too many of his sentences after this pattern (see Rule 14).

Two-part sentences of which the second member is introduced by as (in the sense of because), for, or, nor, and while (in the sense of and at the same time) likewise require a comma before the conjunction.

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If a dependent clause, or an introductory phrase requiring to be set off by a comma, precedes the second independent clause, no comma is needed after the conjunction.

The situation is perilous, but if we are prepared to act promptly, there is still one chance of escape.

For two-part sentences connected by an adverb, see the next section.


5 Do not join independent clauses by a comma.

If two or more clauses, grammatically complete and not joined by a conjunction, are to form a single compound sentence, the proper mark of punctuation is a semicolon.

Stevenson's romances are entertaining; they are full of exciting adventures.

It is nearly half past five; we cannot reach town before dark.

It is of course equally correct to write the above as two sentences each, replacing the semicolons by periods.

Stevenson's romances are entertaining. They are full of exciting adventures.

It is nearly half past five. We cannot reach town before dark.

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If a conjunction is inserted, the proper mark is a comma (Rule 4).

Stevenson's romances are entertaining, for they are full of exciting adventures.

It is nearly half past five, and we cannot reach town before dark.

Note that if the second clause is preceded by an adverb, such as accordingly, besides, so, then, therefore, or thus, and not by a conjunction, the semicolon is still required.

I had never been in the place before; so I had difficulty in finding my way about.

In general, however, it is best, in writing, to avoid using so in this manner; there is danger that the writer who uses it at all may use it too often. A simple correction, usually serviceable, is to omit the word so, and begin the first clause with as:

As I had never been in the place before, I had difficulty in finding my way about.

If the clauses are very short, and are alike in form, a comma is usually permissible:

Man proposes, God disposes.

The gate swung apart, the bridge fell, the portcullis was drawn up.


6 Do not break sentences in two.

In other words, do not use periods for commas.

I met them on a Cunard liner several years ago. Coming home from Liverpool to New York.

He was an interesting talker. A man who had traveled all over the world, and lived in half a dozen countries.

In both these examples, the first period should be replaced by a comma, and the following word begun with a small letter.

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It is permissible to make an emphatic word or expression serve the purpose of a sentence and to punctuate it accordingly:

Again and again he called out. No reply.

The writer must, however, be certain that the emphasis is warranted, and that he will not be suspected of a mere blunder in punctuation.

Rules 3, 4, 5, and 6 cover the most important principles in the punctuation of ordinary sentences; they should be so thoroughly mastered that their application becomes second nature.


7 A participial phrase at the beginning of a sentence must refer to the grammatical subject.

Walking slowly down the road, he saw a woman accompanied by two children.

The word walking refers to the subject of the sentence, not to the woman. If the writer wishes to make it refer to the woman, he must recast the sentence:

He saw a woman, accompanied by two children, walking slowly down the road.

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Participial phrases preceded by a conjunction or by a preposition, nouns in apposition, adjectives, and adjective phrases come under the same rule if they begin the sentence.

On arriving in Chicago, his friends met him at the station.

When he arrived (or, On his arrival) in Chicago, his friends met him at the station.

A soldier of proved valor, they entrusted him with the defense of the city.

A soldier of proved valor, he was entrusted with the defense of the city.

Young and inexperienced, the task seemed easy to me.

Young and inexperienced, I thought the task easy.

Without a friend to counsel him, the temptation proved irresistible.

Without a friend to counsel him, he found the temptation irresistible.

Sentences violating this rule are often ludicrous.

Being in a dilapidated condition, I was able to buy the house very cheap.


Divide words at line-ends, in accordance with their formation and pronunciation.

If there is room at the end of a line for one or more syllables of a word, but not for the whole word, divide the word, unless this involves cutting off only a single letter, or cutting off only two letters of a long word. No hard and fast rule for all words can be laid down. The principles most frequently applicable are:

a.  Divide the word according to its formation:

know-ledge (not knowl-edge); Shake-speare (not Shakes-peare); de-scribe (not des-cribe); atmo-sphere (not atmos-phere);

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b  Divide "on the vowel:"

edi-ble (not ed-ible); propo-sition; ordi-nary; espe-cial; reli-gious; oppo-nents; regu-lar; classi-fi-ca-tion (three divisions possible); deco-rative; presi-dent;

c.  Divide between double letters, unless they come at the end of the simple form of the word:

Apen-nines; Cincin-nati; refer-ring; but tell-ing.

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The treatment of consonants in combination is best shown from examples:

for-tune; pic-ture; presump-tuous; illus-tration; sub-stan-tial (either division); indus-try; instruc-tion; sug-ges-tion; incen-diary.

The student will do well to examine the syllable-division in a number of pages of any carefully printed book.


9 Make the paragraph the unit of composition: one paragraph to each topic.

If the subject on which you are writing is of slight extent, or if you intend to treat it very briefly, there may be no need of subdividing it into topics. Thus a brief description, a brief summary of a literary work, a brief account of a single incident, a narrative merely outlining an action, the setting forth of a single idea, any one of these is best written in a single paragraph. After the paragraph has been written, it should be examined to see whether subdivision will not improve it.

Ordinarily, however, a subject requires subdivision into topics, each of which should be made the subject of a paragraph. The object of treating each topic in a paragraph by itself is, of course, to aid the reader. The beginning of each paragraph is a signal to him that a new step in the development of the subject has been reached.

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The extent of subdivision will vary with the length of the composition. For example, a short notice of a book or poem might consist of a single paragraph. One slightly longer might consist of two paragraphs:

A.  Account of the work.

B.  Critical discussion.

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A report on a poem, written for a class in literature, might consist of seven paragraphs:

A.  Facts of composition and publication.

B.  Kind of poem; metrical form.

C.  Subject.

D.  Treatment of subject.

E.  For what chiefly remarkable.

F.  Wherein characteristic of the writer.

G.  Relationship to other works.

The contents of paragraphs C and D would vary with the poem. Usually, paragraph C would indicate the actual or imagined circumstances of the poem (the situation), if these call for explanation, and would then state the subject and outline its development. If the poem is a narrative in the third person throughout, paragraph C need contain no more than a concise summary of the action. Paragraph D would indicate the leading ideas and show how they are made prominent, or would indicate what points in the narrative are chiefly emphasized.


A novel might be discussed under the heads:

A.  Setting.

B.  Plot.

C.  Characters.

D.  Purpose.

A historical event might be discussed under the heads:

A.  What led up to the event.

B.  Account of the event.

C.  What the event led up to.

In treating either of these last two subjects, the writer would probably find it necessary to subdivide one or more of the topics here given.

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As a rule, single sentences should not be written or printed as paragraphs. An exception may be made of sentences of transition, indicating the relation between the parts of an exposition or argument.

In dialogue, each speech, even if only a single word, is a paragraph by itself; that is, a new paragraph begins with each change of speaker. The application of this rule, when dialogue and narrative are combined, is best learned from examples in well-printed works of fiction.


10 As a rule, begin each paragraph with a topic sentence; end it in conformity with the beginning.

Again, the object is to aid the reader. The practice here recommended enables him to discover the purpose of each paragraph as he begins to read it, and to retain the purpose in mind as he ends it. For this reason, the most generally useful kind of paragraph, particularly in exposition and argument, is that in which

a.  the topic sentence comes at or near the beginning;

b.  the succeeding sentences explain or establish or develop the statement made in the topic sentence; and

c.  the final sentence either emphasizes the thought of the topic sentence or states some important consequence.

Ending with a digression, or with an unimportant detail, is particularly to be avoided.

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If the paragraph forms part of a larger composition, its relation to what precedes, or its function as a part of the whole, may need to be expressed. This can sometimes be done by a mere word or phrase (again; therefore; for the same reason) in the topic sentence. Sometimes, however, it is expedient to precede the topic sentence by one or more sentences of introduction or transition. If more than one such sentence is required, it is generally better to set apart the transitional sentences as a separate paragraph.

According to the writer's purpose, he may, as indicated above, relate the body of the paragraph to the topic sentence in one or more of several different ways. He may make the meaning of the topic sentence clearer by restating it in other forms, by defining its terms, by denying the converse, by giving illustrations or specific instances; he may establish it by proofs; or he may develop it by showing its implications and consequences. In a long paragraph, he may carry out several of these processes.


In narration and description the paragraph sometimes begins with a concise, comprehensive statement serving to hold together the details that follow.

The breeze served us admirably.

The campaign opened with a series of reverses.

The next ten or twelve pages were filled with a curious set of entries.

But this device, if too often used, would become a mannerism. More commonly the opening sentence simply indicates by its subject with what the paragraph is to be principally concerned.

At length I thought I might return towards the stockade.

He picked up the heavy lamp from the table and began to explore.

Another flight of steps, and they emerged on the roof.

The brief paragraphs of animated narrative, however, are often without even this semblance of a topic sentence. The break between them serves the purpose of a rhetorical pause, throwing into prominence some detail of the action.


11 Use the active voice.

The active voice is usually more direct and vigorous than the passive:

I shall always remember my first visit to Boston.

This is much better than

My first visit to Boston will always be remembered by me.

The latter sentence is less direct, less bold, and less concise. If the writer tries to make it more concise by omitting "by me,"

My first visit to Boston will always be remembered,

it becomes indefinite: is it the writer, or some person undisclosed, or the world at large, that will always remember this visit?

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This rule does not, of course, mean that the writer should entirely discard the passive voice, which is frequently convenient and sometimes necessary.

The dramatists of the Restoration are little esteemed to-day.

Modern readers have little esteem for the dramatists of the Restoration.

The first would be the right form in a paragraph on the dramatists of the Restoration; the second, in a paragraph on the tastes of modern readers. The need of making a particular word the subject of the sentence will often, as in these examples, determine which voice is to be used.


The habitual use of the active voice, however, makes for forcible writing. This is true not only in narrative principally concerned with action, but in writing of any kind. Many a tame sentence of description or exposition can be made lively and emphatic by substituting a transitive in the active voice for some such perfunctory expression as there is, or could be heard.

There were a great number of dead leaves lying on the ground.

Dead leaves covered the ground.

The sound of the falls could still be heard.

The sound of the falls still reached our ears.

The reason that he left college was that his health became impaired.

Failing health compelled him to leave college.

It was not long before he was very sorry that he had said what he had.

He soon repented his words.


As a rule, avoid making one passive depend directly upon another.

Gold was not allowed to be exported.

It was forbidden to export gold (The export of gold was prohibited).

He has been proved to have been seen entering the building.

It has been proved that he was seen to enter the building.

In both the examples above, before correction, the word properly related to the second passive is made the subject of the first.


A common fault is to use as the subject of a passive construction a noun which expresses the entire action, leaving to the verb no function beyond that of completing the sentence.

A survey of this region was made in 1900.

This region was surveyed in 1900.

Mobilization of the army was rapidly carried out.

The army was rapidly mobilized.

Confirmation of these reports cannot be obtained.

These reports cannot be confirmed.

Compare the sentence, "The export of gold was prohibited," in which the predicate "was prohibited" expresses something not implied in "export."


12 Put statements in positive form.

Make definite assertions. Avoid tame, colorless, hesitating, non-committal language. Use the word not as a means of denial or in antithesis, never as a means of evasion.

He was not very often on time.

He usually came late.

He did not think that studying Latin was much use.

He thought the study of Latin useless.

The Taming of the Shrew is rather weak in spots. Shakespeare does not portray Katharine as a very admirable character, nor does Bianca remain long in memory as an important character in Shakespeare's works.

The women in The Taming of the Shrew are unattractive. Katharine is disagreeable, Bianca insignificant.

The last example, before correction, is indefinite as well as negative. The corrected version, consequently, is simply a guess at the writer's intention.

All three examples show the weakness inherent in the word not. Consciously or unconsciously, the reader is dissatisfied with being told only what is not; he wishes to be told what is. Hence, as a rule, it is better to express a negative in positive form.

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As a rule, it is better to express a negative in positive form.

not honest

dishonest

not important

trifling

did not remember

forgot

did not pay any attention to

ignored

did not have much confidence in

distrusted

The antithesis of negative and positive is strong:

Not charity, but simple justice.

Not that I loved Caesar less, but Rome the more.

Negative words other than not are usually strong:

The sun never sets upon the British flag.


13 Omit needless words.

Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer make all his sentences short, or that he avoid all detail and treat his subjects only in outline, but that every word tell.

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Many expressions in common use violate this principle:

the question as to whether

whether (the question whether)

there is no doubt but that

no doubt (doubtless)

used for fuel purposes

used for fuel

he is a man who

he

in a hasty manner

hastily

this is a subject which

this subject

His story is a strange one.

His story is strange.

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In especial the expression the fact that should be revised out of every sentence in which it occurs.

owing to the fact that

since (because)

in spite of the fact that

though (although)

call your attention to the fact that

remind you (notify you)

I was unaware of the fact that

I was unaware that (did not know)

the fact that he had not succeeded

his failure

the fact that I had arrived

my arrival

See also under case, character, nature, system in Chapter V(Words).

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Who is, which was, and the like are often superfluous.

His brother, who is a member of the same firm

His brother, a member of the same firm

Trafalgar, which was Nelson's last battle

Trafalgar, Nelson's last battle

As positive statement is more concise than negative, and the active voice more concise than the passive, many of the examples given under Rules 11 and 12 illustrate this rule as well.

A common violation of conciseness is the presentation of a single complex idea, step by step, in a series of sentences which might to advantage be combined into one.

Macbeth was very ambitious. This led him to wish to become king of Scotland. The witches told him that this wish of his would come true. The king of Scotland at this time was Duncan. Encouraged by his wife, Macbeth murdered Duncan. He was thus enabled to succeed Duncan as king. (55 words.)

Encouraged by his wife, Macbeth achieved his ambition and realized the prediction of the witches by murdering Duncan and becoming king of Scotland in his place. (26 words.)


14 Avoid a succession of loose sentences.

This rule refers especially to loose sentences of a particular type, those consisting of two co-ordinate clauses, the second introduced by a conjunction or relative. Although single sentences of this type may be unexceptionable (see under Rule 4), a series soon becomes monotonous and tedious.

An unskillful writer will sometimes construct a whole paragraph of sentences of this kind, using as connectives and, but, and less frequently, who, which, when, where, and while, these last in non-restrictive senses (see under Rule 3).

The third concert of the subscription series was given last evening, and a large audience was in attendance. Mr. Edward Appleton was the soloist, and the Boston Symphony Orchestra furnished the instrumental music. The former showed himself to be an artist of the first rank, while the latter proved itself fully deserving of its high reputation. The interest aroused by the series has been very gratifying to the Committee, and it is planned to give a similar series annually hereafter. The fourth concert will be given on Tuesday, May 10, when an equally attractive programme will be presented.

Apart from its triteness and emptiness, the paragraph above is bad because of the structure of its sentences, with their mechanical symmetry and sing-song. Contrast with them the sentences in the paragraphs quoted under Rule 10, or in any piece of good English prose, as the preface (Before the Curtain) to Vanity Fair.


If the writer finds that he has written a series of sentences of the type described, he should recast enough of them to remove the monotony, replacing them by simple sentences, by sentences of two clauses joined by a semicolon, by periodic sentences of two clauses, by sentences, loose or periodic, of three clauses--whichever best represent the real relations of the thought.


15 Express co-ordinate ideas in similar form.

This principle, that of parallel construction, requires that expressions of similar content and function should be outwardly similar. The likeness of form enables the reader to recognize more readily the likeness of content and function. Familiar instances from the Bible are the Ten Commandments, the Beatitudes, and the petitions of the Lord's Prayer.

The unskillful writer often violates this principle, from a mistaken belief that he should constantly vary the form of his expressions. It is true that in repeating a statement in order to emphasize it he may have need to vary its form. For illustration, see the paragraph from Stevenson quoted under Rule 10. But apart from this, he should follow the principle of parallel construction.

Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method, while now the laboratory method is employed.

Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method; now it is taught by the laboratory method.

The left-hand version gives the impression that the writer is undecided or timid; he seems unable or afraid to choose one form of expression and hold to it. The right-hand version shows that the writer has at least made his choice and abided by it.


By this principle, an article or a preposition applying to all the members of a series must either be used only before the first term or else be repeated before each term.

The French, the Italians, Spanish, and Portuguese

The French, the Italians, the Spanish, and the Portuguese

In spring, summer, or in winter

In spring, summer, or winter (In spring, in summer, or in winter)

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Correlative expressions (both, and; not, but; not only, but also; either, or; first, second, third; and the like) should be followed by the same grammatical construction. Many violations of this rule can be corrected by rearranging the sentence.

It was both a long ceremony and very tedious.

The ceremony was both long and tedious.

A time not for words, but action

A time not for words, but for action

Either you must grant his request or incur his ill will.

You must either grant his request or incur his ill will.

My objections are, first, the injustice of the measure; second, that it is unconstitutional.

My objections are, first, that the measure is unjust; second, that it is unconstitutional.

See also the third example under Rule 12 and the last under Rule 13.

It may be asked, what if a writer needs to express a very large number of similar ideas, say twenty? Must he write twenty consecutive sentences of the same pattern? On closer examination he will probably find that the difficulty is imaginary, that his twenty ideas can be classified in groups, and that he need apply the principle only within each group. Otherwise he had best avoid the difficulty by putting his statements in the form of a table.


16 Keep related words together.

The position of the words in a sentence is the principal means of showing their relationship. The writer must therefore, so far as possible, bring together the words, and groups of words, that are related in thought, and keep apart those which are not so related.

The subject of a sentence and the principal verb should not, as a rule, be separated by a phrase or clause that can be transferred to the beginning.

Wordsworth, in the fifth book of The Excursion, gives a minute description of this church.

In the fifth book of The Excursion, Wordsworth gives a minute description of this church.

Cast iron, when treated in a Bessemer converter, is changed into steel.

By treatment in a Bessemer converter, cast iron is changed into steel.

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The objection is that the interposed phrase or clause needlessly interrupts the natural order of the main clause. This objection, however, does not usually hold when the order is interrupted only by a relative clause or by an expression in apposition. Nor does it hold in periodic sentences in which the interruption is a deliberately used means of creating suspense (see examples under Rule 18).

The relative pronoun should come, as a rule, immediately after its antecedent.

There was a look in his eye that boded mischief.

In his eye was a look that boded mischief.

He wrote three articles about his adventures in Spain, which were published in Harper's Magazine.

He published in Harper's Magazine three articles about his adventures in Spain.

This is a portrait of Benjamin Harrison, grandson of William Henry Harrison, who became President in 1889.

This is a portrait of Benjamin Harrison, grandson of William Henry Harrison. He became President in 1889.

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If the antecedent consists of a group of words, the relative comes at the end of the group, unless this would cause ambiguity.

The Superintendent of the Chicago Division, who

A proposal to amend the Sherman Act, which has been variously judged

A proposal, which has been variously judged, to amend the Sherman Act

A proposal to amend the much-debated Sherman Act

The grandson of William Henry Harrison, who

William Henry Harrison's grandson, Benjamin Harrison, who

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A noun in apposition may come between antecedent and relative, because in such a combination no real ambiguity can arise.

The Duke of York, his brother, who was regarded with hostility by the Whigs

Modifiers should come, if possible next to the word they modify. If several expressions modify the same word, they should be so arranged that no wrong relation is suggested.

All the members were not present.

Not all the members were present.

He only found two mistakes.

He found only two mistakes.

Major R. E. Joyce will give a lecture on Tuesday evening in Bailey Hall, to which the public is invited, on "My Experiences in Mesopotamia" at eight P. M.

On Tuesday evening at eight P. M., Major R. E. Joyce will give in Bailey Hall a lecture on "My Experiences in Mesopotamia." The public is invited.


17 In summaries, keep to one tense.

In summarizing the action of a drama, the writer should always use the present tense. In summarizing a poem, story, or novel, he should preferably use the present, though he may use the past if he prefers. If the summary is in the present tense, antecedent action should be expressed by the perfect; if in the past, by the past perfect.

An unforeseen chance prevents Friar John from delivering Friar Lawrence's letter to Romeo. Juliet, meanwhile, owing to her father's arbitrary change of the day set for her wedding, has been compelled to drink the potion on Tuesday night, with the result that Balthasar informs Romeo of her supposed death before Friar Lawrence learns of the non-delivery of the letter.

But whichever tense be used in the summary, a past tense in indirect discourse or in indirect question remains unchanged.

The Legate inquires who struck the blow.

Apart from the exceptions noted, whichever tense the writer chooses, he should use throughout. Shifting from one tense to the other gives the appearance of uncertainty and irresolution (compare Rule 15).

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In presenting the statements or the thought of some one else, as in summarizing an essay or reporting a speech, the writer should avoid intercalating such expressions as "he said," "he stated," "the speaker added," "the speaker then went on to say," "the author also thinks," or the like. He should indicate clearly at the outset, once for all, that what follows is summary, and then waste no words in repeating the notification.

In notebooks, in newspapers, in handbooks of literature, summaries of one kind or another may be indispensable, and for children in primary schools it is a useful exercise to retell a story in their own words. But in the criticism or interpretation of literature the writer should be careful to avoid dropping into summary. He may find it necessary to devote one or two sentences to indicating the subject, or the opening situation, of the work he is discussing; he may cite numerous details to illustrate its qualities. But he should aim to write an orderly discussion supported by evidence, not a summary with occasional comment. Similarly, if the scope of his discussion includes a number of works, he will as a rule do better not to take them up singly in chronological order, but to aim from the beginning at establishing general conclusions.


18 Place the emphatic words of a sentence at the end.

The proper place for the word, or group of words, which the writer desires to make most prominent is usually the end of the sentence.

Humanity has hardly advanced in fortitude since that time, though it has advanced in many other ways.

Humanity, since that time, has advanced in many other ways, but it has hardly advanced in fortitude.

This steel is principally used for making razors, because of its hardness.

Because of its hardness, this steel is principally used in making razors.

The word or group of words entitled to this position of prominence is usually the logical predicate, that is, the new element in the sentence, as it is in the second example.


The effectiveness of the periodic sentence arises from the prominence which it gives to the main statement.

Four centuries ago, Christopher Columbus, one of the Italian mariners whom the decline of their own republics had put at the service of the world and of adventure, seeking for Spain a westward passage to the Indies as a set-off against the achievements of Portuguese discoverers, lighted on America.

With these hopes and in this belief I would urge you, laying aside all hindrance, thrusting away all private aims, to devote yourselves unswervingly and unflinchingly to the vigorous and successful prosecution of this war.


The other prominent position in the sentence is the beginning. Any element in the sentence, other than the subject, becomes emphatic when placed first.

Deceit or treachery he could never forgive.

So vast and rude, fretted by the action of nearly three thousand years, the fragments of this architecture may often seem, at first sight, like works of nature.

A subject coming first in its sentence may be emphatic, but hardly by its position alone. In the sentence,

Great kings worshipped at his shrine,

the emphasis upon kings arises largely from its meaning and from the context. To receive special emphasis, the subject of a sentence must take the position of the predicate.

Through the middle of the valley flowed a winding stream.

The principle that the proper place for what is to be made most prominent is the end applies equally to the words of a sentence, to the sentences of a paragraph, and to the paragraphs of a composition.


Headings.

Leave a blank line, or its equivalent in space, after the title or heading of a manuscript. On succeeding pages, if using ruled paper, begin on the first line.


Numerals.

Do not spell out dates or other serial numbers. Write them in figures or in Roman notation, as may be appropriate.

August 9, 1918

Rule 3

Chapter XII

352d Infantry


Parentheses.

A sentence containing an expression in parenthesis is punctuated, outside of the marks of parenthesis, exactly as if the expression in parenthesis were absent. The expression within is punctuated as if it stood by itself, except that the final stop is omitted unless it is a question mark or an exclamation point.

I went to his house yesterday (my third attempt to see him), but he had left town.

He declares (and why should we doubt his good faith?) that he is now certain of success.

(When a wholly detached expression or sentence is parenthesized, the final stop comes before the last mark of parenthesis.)


Quotations.

Formal quotations, cited as documentary evidence, are introduced by a colon and enclosed in quotation marks.

The provision of the Constitution is: "No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state."

Quotations grammatically in apposition or the direct objects of verbs are preceded by a comma and enclosed in quotation marks.

I recall the maxim of La Rochefoucauld, "Gratitude is a lively sense of benefits to come."

Aristotle says, "Art is an imitation of nature."

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Quotations of an entire line, or more, of verse, are begun on a fresh line and centered, but not enclosed in quotation marks.

Wordsworth's enthusiasm for the Revolution was at first unbounded:

Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive,
But to be young was very heaven!

Quotations introduced by that are regarded as in indirect discourse and not enclosed in quotation marks.

Keats declares that beauty is truth, truth beauty.

Proverbial expressions and familiar phrases of literary origin require no quotation marks.

These are the times that try men's souls.

He lives far from the madding crowd.

The same is true of colloquialisms and slang.


References.

In scholarly work requiring exact references, abbreviate titles that occur frequently, giving the full forms in an alphabetical list at the end. As a general practice, give the references in parenthesis or in footnotes, not in the body of the sentence. Omit the words act, scene, line, book, volume, page, except when referring by only one of them. Punctuate as indicated below.

In the second scene of the third act

In III.ii (still better, simply insert III.ii in parenthesis at the proper place in the sentence)

After the killing of Polonius, Hamlet is placed under guard (IV. ii. 14).

2 Samuel i:17-27

Othello II.iii 264-267, III.iii. 155-161


Titles.

For the titles of literary works, scholarly usage prefers italics with capitalized initials. The usage of editors and publishers varies, some using italics with capitalized initials, others using Roman with capitalized initials and with or without quotation marks. Use italics (indicated in manuscript by underscoring), except in writing for a periodical that follows a different practice. Omit initial A or The from titles when you place the possessive before them.

The Iliad; the Odyssey; As You Like It; To a Skylark; The Newcomes; A Tale of Two Cities; Dicken's Tale of Two Cities.


 Countries

A2	A3	ISO	Phone	Country

AF	AFG	004	 	Afghanistan

AL	ALB	008	335	Albania

DZ	DZA	012	213	Algeria

AS	ASM	016	684	American Samoa

AD	AND	020	33	Andorra

AO	AGO	024	 	Angola

AI	AIA	660	809	Anguilla

AQ	ATA	010	672	Antarctica

AG	ATG	028	809	Antigua And Barbuda

AR	ARG	032	54	Argentina

AM	ARM	051	 	Armenia

AW	ABW	533	297	Aruba

AU	AUS	036	61	Australia

AT	AUT	040	43	Austria

AZ	AZE	031	 	Azerbaijan

BS	BHS	044	809	Bahamas

BH	BHR	048	 	Bahrain

BD	BGD	050	 	Bangladesh

BB	BRB	052	809	Barbados

BY	BLR	112	 	Belarus

BE	BEL	056	32	Belgium

BZ	BLZ	084	501	Belize

BJ	BEN	204	229	Benin

BM	BMU	060	809	Bermuda

BT	BTN	064	 	Bhutan

BO	BOL	068	591	Bolivia

BA	BIH	070	 	Bosnia And Herzegovina

BW	BWA	072	267	Botswana

BV	BVT	074	 	Bouvet Island

BR	BRA	076	55	Brazil

IO	IOT	086	 	British Indian Ocean Territory

BN	BRN	096	673	Brunei Darussalam

BG	BGR	100	 	Bulgaria

BF	BFA	854	 	Burkina Faso

BI	BDI	108	 	Burundi

KH	KHM	116	 	Cambodia

CM	CMR	120	237	Cameroon

CA	CAN	124	1	Canada

CV	CPV	132	238	Cape Verde Islands

KY	CYM	136	809	Cayman Islands

CF	CAF	140	 	Central African Republic

TD	TCD	148	 	Chad

CL	CHL	152	56	Chile

CN	CHN	156	86	China

CX	CXR	162	 	Christmas Island

CC	CCK	166	 	Cocos (Keeling) Islands

CO	COL	170	57	Colombia

KM	COM	174	 	Comoros

CG	COG	178	242	Congo

CK	COK	184	 	Cook Islands

CR	CRI	188	506	Costa Rica

CI	CIV	384	225	Cote D'Ivoire

HR	HRV	191	 	Croatia (Hrvatska)

CU	CUB	192	 	Cuba

CY	CYP	196	357	Cyprus

CZ	CZE	203	42	Czech Republic

DK	DNK	208	45	Denmark

DJ	DJI	262	253	Djibouti

DM	DMA	212	809	Dominica

DO	DOM	214	809	Dominican Republic

TP	TMP	626	 	East Timor

EC	ECU	218	593	Ecuador

EG	EGY	818	20	Egypt

SV	SLV	222	503	El Salvador

GQ	GNQ	226	 	Equatorial Guinea

ER	ERI	232	 	Eritrea

EE	EST	233	 	Estonia

ET	ETH	231	251	Ethiopia

FK	FLK	238	 	Falkland Islands (Malvinas)

FO	FRO	234	298	Faroe Islands

FJ	FJI	242	679	Fiji

FI	FIN	246	358	Finland

FR	FRA	250	33	France

FX	FXX	249	596	France, Metropolitan

GF	GUF	254	594	French Guiana

PF	PYF	258	689	French Polynesia

TF	ATF	260	 	French Southern Territories

GA	GAB	266	241	Gabon

GM	GMB	270	220	Gambia

GE	GEO	268	 	Georgia

DE	DEU	276	49	Germany

GH	GHA	288	233	Ghana

GI	GIB	292	350	Gibraltar

GR	GRC	300	30	Greece

GL	GRL	304	299	Greenland

GD	GRD	308	809	Grenada

GP	GLP	312	590	Guadeloupe

GU	GUM	316	671	Guam

GT	GTM	320	502	Guatemala

GN	GIN	324	224	Guinea

GW	GNB	624	 	Guinea-Bissau

GY	GUY	328	592	Guyana

HT	HTI	332	509	Haiti

HM	HMD	334	 	Heard And Mc Donald Islands

HN	HND	340	504	Honduras

HK	HKG	344	852	Hong Kong

HU	HUN	348	36	Hungary

IS	ISL	352	354	Iceland

IN	IND	356	91	India

ID	IDN	360	62	Indonesia

IR	IRN	364	98	Iran (Islamic Republic Of)

IQ	IRQ	368	964	Iraq

IE	IRL	372	964	Ireland

IL	ISR	376	972	Israel

IT	ITA	380	39	Italy

JM	JAM	388	809	Jamaica

JP	JPN	392	81	Japan

JO	JOR	400	962	Jordan

KZ	KAZ	398	 	Kazakhstan

KE	KEN	404	254	Kenya

KI	KIR	296	686	Kiribati

KP	PRK	408	82	Korea, Democratic People's Republic Of

KR	KOR	410	 	Korea, Republic Of

KW	KWT	414	965	Kuwait

KG	KGZ	417	 	Kyrgyzstan

LA	LAO	418	 	Lao People's Democratic Republic

LV	LVA	428	 	Latvia

LB	LBN	422	961	Lebanon

LS	LSO	426	266	Lesotho

LR	LBR	430	231	Liberia

LY	LBY	434	218	Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

LI	LIE	438	41	Liechtenstein

LT	LTU	440	 	Lithuania

LU	LUX	442	352	Luxembourg

MO	MAC	446	853	Macau

MK	MKD	807	38	Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic Of

MG	MDG	450	 	Madagascar

MW	MWI	454	265	Malawi

MY	MYS	458	60	Malaysia

MV	MDV	462	960	Maldives

ML	MLI	466	223	Mali Republic

MT	MLT	470	356	Malta

MH	MHL	584	692	Marshall Islands

MQ	MTQ	474	 	Martinique

MR	MRT	478	 	Mauritania

MU	MUS	480	230	Mauritius

YT	MYT	175	 	Mayotte

MX	MEX	484	52	Mexico

FM	FSM	583	691	Micronesia, Federated States Of

MD	MDA	498	 	Moldova, Republic Of

MC	MCO	492	33	Monaco

MN	MNG	496	 	Mongolia

MS	MSR	500	809	Montserrat

MA	MAR	504	212	Morocco

MZ	MOZ	508	 	Mozambique

MM	MMR	104	 	Myanmar

NA	NAM	516	264	Namibia

NR	NRU	520	674	Nauru

NP	NPL	524	977	Nepal

NL	NLD	528	31	Netherlands

AN	ANT	530	599	Netherlands Antilles

 	 	 	809	Nevis

NC	NCL	540	687	New Caledonia

NZ	NZL	554	64	New Zealand

NI	NIC	558	505	Nicaragua

NE	NER	562	227	Niger

NG	NGA	566	234	Nigeria

NU	NIU	570	 	Niue

NF	NFK	574	 	Norfolk Island

MP	MNP	580	 	Northern Mariana Islands

NO	NOR	578	47	Norway

OM	OMN	512	968	Oman

PK	PAK	586	92	Pakistan

PW	PLW	585	 	Palau

PA	PAN	591	507	Panama

PG	PNG	598	675	Papua New Guinea

PY	PRY	600	595	Paraguay

PE	PER	604	51	Peru

PH	PHL	608	63	Philippines

PN	PCN	612	 	Pitcairn

PL	POL	616	48	Poland

PT	PRT	620	351	Portugal

PR	PRI	630	 	Puerto Rico

QA	QAT	634	974	Qatar

RE	REU	638	262	Reunion Island

RO	ROM	642	40	Romania

RU	RUS	643	 	Russian Federation

RW	RWA	646	250	Rwanda

KN	KNA	659	 	Saint Kitts And Nevis

LC	LCA	662	 	Saint Lucia

VC	VCT	670	 	Saint Vincent And The Grenadines

WS	WSM	882	 	Samoa

SM	SMR	674	39	San Marino

ST	STP	678	 	Sao Tome And Principe

SA	SAU	682	966	Saudi Arabia

SN	SEN	686	221	Senegal

SC	SYC	690	248	Seychelles Islands

SL	SLE	694	232	Sierra Leone

SG	SGP	702	65	Singapore

SK	SVK	703	42	Slovakia (Slovak Republic)

SI	SVN	705	 	Slovenia

SB	SLB	090	677	Solomon Islands

SO	SOM	706	 	Somalia

ZA	ZAF	710	27	South Africa

GS	SGS	239	 	South Georgia And The South Sandwich Islands

ES	ESP	724	34	Spain

LK	LKA	144	94	Sri Lanka

SH	SHN	654	 	St. Helena

PM	SPM	666	 	St. Pierre And Miquelon

SD	SDN	736	 	Sudan

SR	SUR	740	597	Suriname

SJ	SJM	744	 	Svalbard And Jan Mayen Islands

SZ	SWZ	748	268	Swaziland

SE	SWE	752	46	Sweden

CH	CHE	756	41	Switzerland

SY	SYR	760	963	Syrian Arab Republic

TW	TWN	158	886	Taiwan, Province Of China

TJ	TJK	762	 	Tajikistan

TZ	TZA	834	255	Tanzania, United Republic Of

TH	THA	764	66	Thailand

TG	TGO	768	228	Togo

TK	TKL	772	 	Tokelau

TO	TON	776	676	Tonga

TT	TTO	780	809	Trinidad And Tobago

TN	TUN	788	216	Tunisia

TR	TUR	792	90	Turkey

TM	TKM	795	 	Turkmenistan

TC	TCA	796	809	Turks And Caicos Islands

TV	TUV	798	 	Tuvalu

UG	UGA	800	256	Uganda

UA	UKR	804	 	Ukraine

AE	ARE	784	971	United Arab Emirates

GB	GBR	826	44	United Kingdom

US	USA	840	1	United States

UM	UMI	581	 	United States Minor Outlying Islands

UY	URY	858	598	Uruguay

UZ	UZB	860	 	Uzbekistan

VU	VUT	548	 	Vanuatu

VA	VAT	336	39	Vatican City State (Holy See)

VE	VEN	862	58	Venezuela

VN	VNM	704	 	Viet Nam

VG	VGB	092	 	Virgin Islands (British)

VI	VIR	850	 	Virgin Islands (US)

WF	WLF	876	 	Wallis And Futuna Islands

EH	ESH	732	 	Western Sahara

YE	YEM	887	967	Yemen Arab Republic

YU	YUG	891	38	Yugoslavia

ZR	ZAR	180	243	Zaire

ZM	ZMB	894	260	Zambia

ZW	ZWE	716	263	Zimbabwe

ISO numbers are ISO 3166 Country Codes.

http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/r_harvey


 States

State	 	Capital	Year	Time	ZIP

Alabama	AL	Montgomery	1819(22)	Ctrl.	350nn - 352nn, 354nn - 369nn

Alaska	AK	Juneau	1959(49)	AK	995nn - 999nn

Arizona	AZ	Phoenix	1912(48)	Mtn.	850nn, 852nn - 853nn, 855nn - 857nn, 859nn - 860nn, 863nn - 865nn

Arkansas	AR	Little Rock	1836(25)	Ctrl.	716nn - 729nn

California	CA	Sacramento	1850(31)	Pac.	900nn, 902nn - 908nn, 910nn - 928nn, 930nn - 961nn

Colorado	CO	Denver	1876(38)	Mtn.	800nn - 816nn

Connecticut	CT	Hartford	1788(5)	East	060nn - 069nn

Delaware	DE	Dover	1787(1)	East	197nn - 199nn

Florida	FL	Tallahassee	1845(27)	East	320nn - 340nn, 342nn, 344nn, 346nn - 347nn, 349nn

Georgia	GA	Atlanta	1788(4)	East	300nn, 319nn, 399nn

Hawaii	HI	Honolulu	1959(50)	AL	967nn - 968nn

Idaho	ID	Boise	1890(43)	Mtn.	832nn - 838nn

Illinois	IL	Springfield	1818(21)	Ctrl.	600nn - 607nn, 609nn - 620nn, 622nn - 629nn

Indiana	IN	Indianapolis	1816(19)	East	460nn - 479nn

Iowa	IA	Des Moines	1846(29)	Ctrl.	500nn - 528nn

Kansas	KS	Topeka	1861(34)	Ctrl.	660nn - 662nn, 664nn - 679nn

Kentucky	KY	Frankfort	1792(15)	East	400nn - 418nn, 420nn - 427nn

Louisiana	LA	Baton Rouge	1812(18)	Ctrl.	700nn - 701nn, 703nn - 708nn, 710nn - 714nn

Maine	ME	Augusta	1820(23)	East	040nn - 049nn

Maryland	MD	Annapolis	1788(7)	East	206nn - 212nn, 214nn - 219nn

Massachusetts	MA	Boston	1788(6)	East	010nn - 027nn, 055nn

Michigan	MI	Lansing	1837(26)	East	480nn - 499nn

Minnesota	MN	St. Paul	1858(32)	Ctrl.	550nn - 551nn, 553nn - 567nn

Mississippi	MS	Jackson	1817(20)	Ctrl.	386nn - 397nn

Missouri	MO	Jefferson City	1821(24)	Ctrl.	630nn - 631nn, 633nn - 641nn, 644nn - 658nn

Montana	MT	Helena	1899(41)	Mtn.	590nn - 599nn

Nebraska	NE	Lincoln	1867(37)	Ctrl.	680nn - 681nn, 683nn - 693nn

Nevada	NV	Carson City	1864(36)	Pac.	889nn - 891nn, 893nn - 895nn, 897nn - 898nn

New Hampshire	NH	Concord	1788(9)	East	030nn - 039nn

New Jersey	NJ	Trenton	1787(3)	East	070nn - 089nn

New Mexico	NM	Santa Fe	1912(47)	Mtn.	870nn - 875nn, 877nn - 884nn

New York	NY	Albany	1788(11)	East	004nn - 005nn, 100nn - 149nn

North Carolina	NC	Raleigh	1789(12)	East	270nn - 289nn

North Dakota	ND	Bismarck	1889(39)	Ctrl.	580nn - 588nn

Ohio	OH	Columbus	1803(17)	East	430nn - 459nn

Oklahoma	OK	Oklahoma City	1907(46)	Ctrl.	730nn - 731nn, 734nn - 741nn, 743nn - 749nn

Oregon	OR	Salem	1859(33)	Pac.	970nn - 979nn

Pennsylvania	PA	Harrisburg	1787(2)	East	150nn - 196nn

Rhode Island	RI	Providence	1790(13)	East	028nn - 029nn

South Carolina	SC	Columbia	1788(8)	East	290nn - 299nn

South Dakota	SD	Pierre	1889(40)	Ctrl.	570nn - 577nn

Tennessee	TN	Nashville	1796(16)	Ctrl.	370nn - 385nn

Texas	TX	Austin	1845(28)	Ctrl.	733nn, 750nn - 799nn, 885nn

Utah	UT	Salt Lake City	1896(45)	Mtn.	840nn - 847nn

Vermont	VT	Montpelier	1791(14)	East	050nn - 054nn, 056nn - 059nn

Virginia	VA	Virginia	1788(10)	East	220nn - 246nn

Washington	WA	Olympia	1889(42)	Pac.	980nn - 994nn

West Virginia	WV	Charleston	1863(35)	East	247nn - 268nn

Wisconsin	WI	Madison	1848(30)	Ctrl.	530nn - 532nn, 534nn - 535nn, 537nn - 549nn

Wyoming	WY	Cheyenne	1890(44)	Mtn.	820nn - 831nn

American Samoa	AS	Pago Pago	·	·	96799

Arm. Forces Americas	AA	APO Miami	·	·	34001 - 34099

Armed Forces Europe	AE	APO New York	·	·	090nn - 098nn

Armed Forces Pacific	AP	APO San Francisco	·	·	962nn - 965nn, 96201 - 96698, 966nn

District of Columbia	DC	·	1790	 East	200nn, 202nn - 205nn

Federated Micronesia	FM	Kolonia (Pohnpei Isl.)	·	·	96941-96944

Guam	GU	Agana	·	+10 	969nn

Marshall Islands	MH	Majuro	·	 ·	96960-96970

Northern Mariana Isl.	MP	Saipan	·	 ·	96950-96952

Palau Islands	PW	Koror	·	 +9	96940

Puerto Rico	PR	San Juan	·	 -4	006nn - 007nn, 009nn

US Virgin Islands	VI	Charlotte Amalie	·	 ·	008nn

Alberta	AB	Edmonton	·	Mtn.

British Columbia	BC	Vancouver, Victoria	·	Pac.

Manitoba	MB	Winnipeg	·	Ctrl.

New Brunswick	NB	Fredericton	·

Newfoundland	NF	St. John's	·	East

Nova Scotia	NS	Halifax	·	-4

Ontario	ON	Toronto	·	East

Prince Edward Island	PE	Charlottetown	·

Quebec	PQ	Quebec	·	East

Saskatchewan	SK	Regina	·	Ctrl.

Mexico	MX	Mexico City	·	·

Year = Year admitted to union (order of admission to union).

Time = Time Zone
AK = Alaska (GMT - 9:00)
AL = Aleutian (GMT - 10:00)
Ctrl. = Central (GMT - 6:00)
East = Eastern (GMT - 5:00)
Mtn. = Mountain (GMT - 7:00)
Pac. = Pacific (GMT - 8:00)

ZIP = ZIP code range. Data is derived from "Domestic Mail Services, Exhibit 122.63" 12-20-92.

Click state names for additional information.


51,609 square miles (133,677 sq. km)

Motto: We Dare Defend Our Rights

Nicknames: Heart of Dixie; Camellia State


586,412 square miles (1,518,800 sq. km)

Motto: North to the Future

Nickname: The Last Frontier


113,909 square miles (295,024 sq. km)

Motto: Diat Deus (God Enriches)

Nicknames: Grand Canyon State; Copper State


53,104 square miles (137,539 sq. km)

Motto: Regnat Populus (The People Rule)

Nickname: Land of Opportunity


158,693 square miles (411,015 sq. km)

Motto: Eureka (I Have Found It)

Nickname: Golden State


104,247 square miles (270,000 sq. km)

Motto: Nil sine numine (Nothing Without Providence)

Nickname: Centennial State


5,009 square miles (12,973 sq. km)

Motto: Qui transtulit sustinet (He Who Transplanted Still Sustains)

Nicknames: Constitution State; Nutmeg State


2,057 square miles (5,328 sq. km)

Motto: Liberty and Independence

Nicknames: First State; Diamond State


58,560 square miles (151,670 sq. km)

Motto: In God We Trust

Nickname: Sunshine State


58,876 square miles (152,489 sq. km)

Motto: Wisdom, Justice, and Moderation

Nickname: Empire State of the South


6,450 square miles (16,706 sq. km)

Motto: The Life of the Land is Perpetuated in Righteousness

Nickname: Aloha State


83,557 square miles (216,413 sq. km)

Motto: Esto perpetua (It is perpetual)

Nickname: Gem State


56,400 square miles (146,076 sq. km)

Motto: State sovereignty—National Union

Nicknames: Land of Lincoln; Inland Empire; Prairie State


36,291 square miles (93,994 sq. km)

Motto: Crossroads of America

Nickname: Hoosier State


56,290 square miles (145,791 sq. km)

Motto: Our Liberties We Prize and Our Rights We Will Maintain

Nickname: Hawkeye State


82,264 square miles (213,064 sq. km)

Motto: Ad astra per aspera (To the Start Through Difficulties)

Nickname: Sunflower State


40,395 square miles (104,623 sq. km)

Motto: United We Stand, Divided We Fall

Nickname: Bluegrass State


48,523 square miles (125,675 sq. km)

Motto: Union, Justice and Confidence

Nickname: Pelican State


33,215 square miles (86,027 sq. km)

Motto: Dirigo (I Direct)

Nickname: Pine Tree State


10,577 square miles (27,394 sq. km)

Motto: …Fatti maschii, parole femine (Manly Deeds, Womanly Words)

Nicknames: Old Line State; Free State


8,257 square miles (21,386 sq. km)

Motto: Ense petit placidam sub liberate quietem (By The Sword We Seek Peace, But Peace Only Under Liberty)

Nicknames: Bay State; Colony State


58,216 square miles (150,779 sq. km)

Motto: Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam circumspice (If you seek a pleasant Peninsula, look about you)

Nicknames: Wolverine State; Great Lake State


84,068 square miles (217,736 sq. km)

Motto: L'Etoile du nord (Star of the North)

Nicknames: North Star State; Gopher State


47,716 square miles (123,584 sq. km)

Motto: Virtute et armis (By Valor and Arms)

Nickname: Magnolia State


69,686 square miles (180,487 sq. km)

Motto: Salus populi suprema lex esto (The Welfare of The People Shall be the Supreme Law)

Nickname: Show-Me State


147,138 square miles (381,087 sq. km)

Motto: Oro y plata (Gold and Silver)

Nickname: Treasure State


77,227 square miles (200,018 sq. km)

Motto: Equality Before the Law

Nickname: Cornhusker State


110,540 square miles (286,299 sq. km)

Motto: All for Our Country

Nicknames: Silver State; Sagebrush State; Battle-Born State


9,304 square miles (24,097 sq. km)

Motto: Live free or die

Nickname: Granite State


7,836 square miles (20,295 sq. km)

Motto: Liberty and prosperity

Nickname: Garden State


121,666 square miles (315,115 sq. km)

Motto: Crescit eundo (It Grows as It Goes)

Nickname: Land of Enchantment


49,576 square miles (128,402 sq. km)

Motto: Excelsior (Ever upward)

Nickname: Empire State


52,586 square miles (136,198 sq. km)

Motto: Esse quam videri (To be rather than to seem)

Nicknames: Tar Heel State; Old North State


70,665 square miles (183,022 sq. km)

Motto: Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable

Nicknames: Sioux State; Flickertail State; Peace Garden State


41,222 square miles (106,765 sq. km)

Motto: With God, All Things Are Possible

Nickname: Buckeye State


69,919 square miles (181,090 sq. km)

Motto: Labor omnia vincit (Labor Conquers All Things)

Nickname: Sooner State


96,981 square miles (251,181 sq. km)

Motto: The Union

Nickname: Beaver State


45,333 square miles (117,412 sq. km)

Motto: Virtue, Liberty and Independence

Nickname: Keystone State


1,214 square miles (3,144 sq. km)

Motto: Hope

Nicknames: Little Rhody; Ocean State


31,055 square miles (80,432 sq. km)

Motto: Dum spiro spero (While I breathe, I hope)

Nickname: Palmetto State


77,047 square miles (199,552 sq. km)

Motto: Under God, the People Rule

Nicknames: Coyote State; Sunshine State


42,244 square miles (109,412 sq. km)

Motto: Agriculture and Commerce

Nickname: Volunteer State


267,338 square miles (692,405 sq. km)

Motto: Friendship

Nickname: Lone Star State


84,916 square miles (219,932 sq. km)

Motto: Industry

Nickname: Beehive State


9,609 square miles (24,887 sq. km)

Motto: Freedom and Unity

Nickname: Green Mountain State


40,817 square miles (105,716 sq. km)

Motto: Sic semper tyrannis (Thus Always to Tyrants)

Nickname: Old Dominion


68,192 square miles (176,617 sq. km)

Motto: Alki (By and by)

Nickname: Evergreen State


24,181 square miles (62,629 sq. km)

Motto: Montani semper liberi (Mountaineers are Always Free)

Nickname: Mountain State


56,154 square miles (145,439 sq. km)

Motto: Forward

Nickname: Badger State


97,914 square miles (253,597 sq. km)

Motto: Equal Rights

Nickname: Equality State


70 square miles (180 sq. km)

Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All)

Nickname: Capital City


January 24, 1999

 6.3

Copyright ©1999 R. E. Harvey, All rights reserved.

P. O. Box 5695

Glendale AZ 85312, USA

• For the latest release, visit the home page:
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/r_harvey


 Notes

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•	Click the big blue a at the top of the page to see a pop-up ANSI character chart. Calculate any character code by adding the value in the left to the value at the top of the column. For example, the letter H is in the 70 row in the 2 column, which totals 72.

•	This is high-density information. Lists serve several purposes—there are only as many pages as necessary. These lists are designed to be viewed in a narrow window. Scrunch it up, leave it on the screen, and switch to it at a moment's notice.

•	See ASCIICAT.TXT for additional information.

•	If you like this book, it would be nice if you would send a postcard or letter to suggest additions and to say thanks. Paper is much more appreciated than e-mail.

•	The rabbit-like icon is a three-dimensional representation of an Esquilax. An Esquilax is a legendary horse, with the head of a rabbit, and the body of a rabbit. The running Esquilax has been our logo since 1983.

Content Notes

•	Percentages in Character Converter are helpful in converting colors between HTML (RGB hex-triplet) and graphic program displays. Web-safe 212 colors use color values of 0% (0x00), 20% (0x33), 40% (0x66), 60% (0x99), 80% (0xCC) and 100% (0xFF). Most fonts do not support characters 0-31.

•	Codepage 437 and 850 character sets are emulated using ANSI characters, the Symbol font, and pictures. The Symbol and Wingdings fonts are furnished with Windows 3.1 and later.

•	ANSI characters 145-146 were added in Windows 3.0 Other characters 130-159 were added in Windows 3.1.

•	  The Euro currency symbol, at character position 128, is available in standard fonts supplied with Windows 98, Windows NT 5, and later operating systems. Supported by Codepage 874, 1250, 1252, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258. Codepage 1251 places the Euro symbol at character position 136.

•	DOS line drawing characters, shown on the Fonts & Pixels page, are supported by most DOS character sets. For compatibility with more Codepages, use only single- or double-line boxes (the two leftmost illustrations). Avoid the mixed single- and double-line box characters.

•	The height of a font is the point size plus spacing between lines. Called leading (pronounced ledding, after the metal bits made of lead that typesetters used to place between lines of text), this extra space keeps lines of text from running-together. Most word processors add leading of approximately 20-percent of the font height. For instance, a 10-point font usually has two points of leading.

•	On the Font Information page, click the yellow boxes to see pop-up descriptions.

•	For Windows color programming and illustrating, stick with Windows Colors for smooth reproduction on any display. Each of these colors can be smoothly dithered from just two of the standard 16 Windows colors. For compatibility, use only these colors in WMF (Windows meta-files). View that page in 16- or 256-color mode to see the effect of dithering. Note that some similar-looking colors not in this list may be displayed as gray or pure colors—be careful with other colors! These are Windows-compatible colors, not Internet colors. See HTMLcat for swatches of Web-safe colors.

•	For Macintosh help file compatibility, avoid using non-ANSI characters or any characters on the Character Sets page that are highlighted in a different color.

•	The Elements of Style page is based on the 1918 edition, by William Strunk, Jr. The book is all on one page; click a topic to see the text. For simplicity, we have converted some topics into multiple sub-topics. Two outdated chapters have been removed; see Words for current information.

•	See FileExt.hlp, available from the home page, for descriptions of hundreds and hundreds of file types and file name extensions.

•	The Windows 3.1 help viewer recognizes Courier, Courier New, Helv, MS Sans Serif, MS Serif, Arial, Symbol, Times New Roman, and Tms Rmn. Any other fonts are shown as the default font. You can use other fonts in help files, such as we have done in this help file, but they display correctly only in later help viewers.

•	Help compiler versions earlier than 4.0 don't recognize the RTF mnemonics that Word for Windows uses for characters 145-151, so those characters are ignored.

•	Except where noted, all data was compiled by the author. You may not reuse this data for any purpose.

This book is called ASCIIcat because it was originally primarily a character conversion table. Named for ASCII; the Cat means that it is one of our online reference catalogs, like HTMLcat. HTMLcat is an extensive reference of HTML information.

Web site

http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/r_harvey

While you're at the web site, try HTMLcat. Take ASCIIcat, multiply it by 200, add a year of development, and make it just about HTML and styles. That's what you will find in HTMLcat.

HTMLcat is an extensive reference of HTML tags and a tutorial about writing Internet documents. Incredibly complete and fun to use.

•	Written for designers and writers, not just for computer programmers. It's for professionals who want to create attractive, useful, intelligible documents.

•	Designed for quick, flexible navigation. A catalog with several ways to browse. Simple, logical, sequential design.

•	Topics are arranged consistently, beginning with simple descriptions and increasing levels of detail.

•	Just as many words as necessary—no more, no fewer. We're offering ideas, not words.

•	Icons with pop-up lists of related topics.

•	Documents 126 common and uncommon HTML tags.

•	Describes 132 style attributes.

•	More than 2,600 graphics and illustrations.

•	Topic links, cross-references, and more links—more than 7,000 hyper-links—guide you between topics.

•	Tons of tips about compatibility, which tags to use (and which to avoid), and for getting the most from the simplest documents.

•	Faster and easier to use one Windows help file to look-up HTML information than to search giant HTML files or outdated ink-on-paper books.

•	Tutorials about writing HTML documents, graphics, fonts, style sheets.

•	Complete HTML color swatches—with color names and color values. Click a color to copy the HTML codes for the color to the Windows Clipboard.

•	High-resolution, high-quality vector drawing illustrations.

•	Context-sensitive pop-up topic lists. You'll have to try this to see how easy it is to navigate through hundreds of links with one small dialog box.

•	Pop-up lists. Special characters, boilerplate HTML codes, and URL addresses.

•	Click an HTML example or URL to copy it to the Clipboard.

•	Example documents and cascading style sheets.

•	HTMLcat is the only Windows help file that does multiple windows correctly. No windows jumping around and popping-up in unexpected places.

•	Efficient design results in a surprisingly small book.

•	It's a CD-ROM worth of reference without the CD. It's a virtual 900 page coffee table book.

HTMLcat is the coolest way to wend your way through this tenebrous task. It would be impossible to duplicate this usability on paper. Even if you don't care about HTML, have a look at HTMLcat to see how Windows Help files should work. It's one of the most original, innovative, and ambitious help files ever written.

Download HTMLcat

http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/r_harvey/htmlcat.htm

Copyright ©1999 R. E. Harvey, All rights reserved.


 Help Tips

This book doesn't look like other help files or programs. It doesn't want to. Shrink it down to a few inches wide, move it over to one side of the screen, and keep it running while you work. Whenever you need information, press ALT+TAB to find the book, then use the many navigation aids to find what you need.

The first page you will see when you open this book is the Character Converter; this is the most popular page in the book. Wherever you are, the Contents button returns you to the main table of contents.

•	The Back button returns to the previous topic you have visited. The help viewer remembers up to 40 topics, so click the Back button one or more times if you have followed several links and want to find your way back to the original topic.

•	In Windows 3.1, the History button pops-up a separate window listing help topics you have recently visited. In other versions of Windows, the History window is available from the Options menu.

Keyboard shortcuts

>	Move to the next page.

<	Move to the previous page.

B	Like the Back button, back-up one page in the History list.

C	Like the Contents button. Return to the table of contents.

S	Like the Search button. Open the Search (index) window.

TAB	Move to the next link on the current page.

SHIFT+TAB	Move to the previous link on the current page.

ENTER	Jump to the selected link. If no link is selected, open the context-sensitive link list.

ESC	Close a window. If no other windows are open, close the help file.

Down	Scroll down the current page.

Up	Scroll up the current page.

PGDN	Move down one screen-full on the current page.

PGUP	Move up one screen-full on the current page.

Left	Scroll the window left. Only required if the page is too wide to fit in the window.

Right	Scroll the window right. Only required if the page is too wide to fit in the window.

The following navigation aids are available when viewing this help file:

H	Open or switch to the History window. Press ESC to close the window and return to this help file.

SPACEBAR	Move to the next page. Same as >>.

CTRL+PGUP	Move to the previous page. Same as <<.

CTRL+PGDN	Move to the next page. Same as >>.

BACKSPACE	Move to the previous page. Same as B.

Other help files by us follow these keyboard conventions.

Document links

Links to topics are underlined, usually displayed in green. Click these keywords to jump to the underlined topic.

Links to pop-ups have dotted underlines. Click these items to pop-up a small box containing a list of related topics or a definition. When you click the mouse outside of the pop-up window, the original topic is still on the screen.

Underlined links in blue text open other documents.


Copyright Notice
 Copyright

Notice

Intellectual property is a possession, much like any other property. By receipt of these materials the user agrees to abide by applicable copyright laws. Without support of copyright laws, there would be little incentive to create new products. Unauthorized copying of computer software is a felony, punishable by fines of up to $250,000 and prison terms of up to five years.

No part of this publication may be stored in retrieval systems, transmitted, or reproduced in any way, including but not limited to photocopy, photography, magnetism or other recording method without express permission of Richard E. Harvey.

Information in this document is subject to change. The software described in this document is furnished under a license agreement. The software may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of that agreement. It is against the law to copy this software on magnetic tape, disk or other medium for any purpose other than the purchaser's personal use, except as specifically described in the license agreement.

There is no warranty implied or stated for accuracy or suitability for any purpose.

This product is proprietary intellectual property, protected by United States and international copyright. Do not alter or remove any copyright, authorship, or any other notices. Do not re–distribute these materials or any materials derived in any way from book, by any means, electronic, printed or otherwise. Do not share copies of this help file.

No charge may be made for this book beyond standard Internet connect charges.

Payment

Thank you for using this book. This is not free software. You may continue to use this book as long as you like without charge, if you agree to pop-in to the home page every now and again to look for new stuff. That is your fee—you must stop by again. It would be nice if you would send a postcard to say thanks or to suggest additions, too.

If anybody asks you for a copy of this help file, please tell them to visit the home page and get their own, thank you. Besides, they're likely to get a later, better version than the one you have if they go get their own. And while they're at the home page, they'll probably find something very cool that they really can't live without.

Web site

http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/r_harvey

Copyright ©1999 R. E. Harvey, All rights reserved.
P. O. Box 5695
Glendale AZ 85312, USA

Email: r_harvey@compuserve.com


ASCII

Acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. ASCII codes use an 8-bit value to represent characters The Standard ASCII character set uses the first 128 values (0-127). The characters represented by high-order numbers (128-255) are dependent on the computer type; for IBM–PC compatibles, these are called PC–8 or code page 437 (English). In Windows, a common character set is ISO-1250, or often simply called ANSI.


ANSI Characters

 	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9

30	 	 	spc	!	"	#	$	%	&	'

40	(	)	*	+	,	-	.	/	0	1

50	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	:	;

60	<	=	>	?	@	A	B	C	D	E

70	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O

80	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y

90	Z	[	\	]	^	_	`	a	b	c

100	d	e	f	g	h	i	j	k	l	m

110	n	o	p	q	r	s	t	u	v	w

120	x	y	z	{	|	}	~	€	�

130	‚	ƒ	„	…	†	‡	ˆ	‰	Š	‹

140	Œ	�	Ž	�	�	‘	’	“	”	•

150	–	—	˜	™	š	›	œ	�	ž	Ÿ

160	 	¡	¢	£	¤	¥	¦	§	¨	©

170	ª	«	¬	­	®	¯	°	±	²	³

180	´	µ	¶	·	¸	¹	º	»	¼	½

190	¾	¿	À	Á	Â	Ã	Ä	Å	Æ	Ç

200	È	É	Ê	Ë	Ì	Í	Î	Ï	Ð	Ñ

210	Ò	Ó	Ô	Õ	Ö	×	Ø	Ù	Ú	Û

220	Ü	Ý	Þ	ß	à	á	â	ã	ä	å

230	æ	ç	è	é	ê	ë	ì	í	î	ï

240	ð	ñ	ò	ó	ô	õ	ö	÷	ø	ù

250	ú	û	ü	ý	þ	ÿ


Calculator	Notes

Calendar	Key Codes:  DOS

Character Converter	Key Codes:  Windows

Character Sets	Paper Sizes

Codepages	Pixels & Points

Color:  Windows	Resolution Converter

Color:  DOS	Roman Numerals

Copyright	Screen Ruler

Countries	States

DOS Line Characters	Table of Contents

Elements of Style	Temperatures

Font Information	Units

Fractions	Unit Conversions

Help Tips	Words